{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T02:10:11Z","timestamp":1784599811593,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Early\u2010onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T2DM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), diagnosed between 15 and 39\u2009years of age, poses a major public health challenge worldwide. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) 2021, this study aimed to comprehensively assess its global burden, trends, and inequalities from 1990 to 2021, and to project the future burden to 2050.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analysed age\u2010standardised incidence (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASIR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), prevalence (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASPR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), mortality (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASMR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), and disability\u2010adjusted life years (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) rates across 204 countries. Analyses included trend analysis, socioeconomic inequality assessment, decomposition, frontier analysis, risk factor analysis, and Bayesian modelling for projections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between 1990 and 2021, global prevalent cases increased by 222.32%.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASIR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASPR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      all rose significantly, with estimated annual percentage changes (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EAPCs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) of 2.45, 2.85, and 2.10, respectively. The burden peaked in middle\u2010sociodemographic index (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) regions and South\/East Asia, while Oceania had the highest\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASRs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The 35\u201339\u2010year age group and males bore the highest burden. Socioeconomic inequalities widened, with a 35% increase in mortality disparity affecting low\u2010income populations. Epidemiological changes were the primary driver of increased incidence and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DALYs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . High\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      accounted for 44.7%\u201369.2% of attributable\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DALYs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . We project\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASIR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      will rise to 529.52 per 100\u2009000 by 2050, with 17.14 million new cases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The global burden of early\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T2DM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      rose markedly over the past three decades, with distinct disparities. Persistent inequalities, the dominant role of high\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and projected increases highlight an urgent need for targeted prevention in younger populations and high\u2010risk groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T09:24:57Z","timestamp":1762766697000},"page":"1090-1104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The global burden of early\u2010onset type 2 diabetes (1990\u20132050): An age\u2013period\u2013cohort analysis of incidence, disparities, and 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