{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:34:22Z","timestamp":1790861662040,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3600600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3600600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An innovative insulin resistance (IR)\u2010related index of cholesterol, high\u2010density lipoprotein, and glucose (CHG) has been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but there is limited evidence for the effect of a long\u2010term pattern of CHG on CVD and all\u2010cause mortality. This study aimed to examine the associations between cumulative CHG and the occurrence of CVD and all\u2010cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We incorporated 53\u2009700 participants from the Kailuan cohort. Cumulative CHG was computed using data from the 2006 to 2010 surveys and was defined as the average CHG for each pair of subsequent surveys, multiplied by the time intervals between these surveys. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to evaluate the risk of CVD and all\u2010cause mortality from 2010 to 2021, reporting hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). All participants were divided into four groups according to the quartiles of cumulative CHG, and the exposure duration of high CHG was quantified as 0, 2, 4, and 6\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3739 CVD and 4853 all\u2010cause mortality events occurred during a median follow\u2010up of 11.06\u2009years. After adjusting for potential covariates, participants in the highest quartile exhibited significantly increased risks of incident CVD (HR, 1.70; 95% CI: 1.55\u20131.88) and all\u2010cause mortality (HR, 1.22; 95% CI: 1.13\u20131.33) compared to those in the lowest quartile. Participants in the 6\u2010year exposure to high CHG exhibited significantly increased risks of incident CVD (HR, 1.79; 95% CI: 1.61\u20131.98) and all\u2010cause mortality (HR, 1.23; 95% CI: 1.13\u20131.34) compared to those without exposure to high CHG. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that cumulative CHG had superior predictive value for CVD and all\u2010cause mortality compared to baseline CHG, outperforming other indices of IR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high cumulative CHG was associated with an increased risk of CVD and all\u2010cause mortality, demonstrating superior predictive performance compared to both baseline CHG and other cumulative metabolic indices. The study highlights the significance of the long\u2010term monitoring of the CHG index in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:18:11Z","timestamp":1764580691000},"page":"1453-1462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association of cumulative exposure to cholesterol, high\u2010density lipoprotein, and glucose index with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all\u2010cause mortality: A longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ruobing","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing 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