{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:08:44Z","timestamp":1773014924409,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies suggest that individuals from low\u2010income households are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), but it remains unclear whether lower socioeconomic status affects the risk of postpartum T2D in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to explore whether the risk of T2D differs among women with a history of GDM across income levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database, we identified 154\u2009631 mothers with GDM between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2017. We applied crude and multivariable\u2010adjusted logistic regression models to assess the risk of postpartum T2D across different income levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 154\u2009631 mothers with GDM, 701 (0.45%) had very low income, 51\u2009990 (33.62%) had low income, 81\u2009575 (52.75%) had middle income, and 20\u2009365 (13.17%) had high income. The mean maternal age was 31.95\u2009years (SD\u2009=\u20094.73\u2009years). Compared to the middle\u2010income group, mothers with GDM and very low income had a higher risk of postpartum T2D (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.28\u20132.71), as did those with low income (aHR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.12\u20131.29). Conversely, those with high income had a lower risk (aHR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.66\u20130.83). Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis showed a higher risk of postpartum T2D in lower\u2010income groups (log\u2010rank\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that women with GDM and low family income have a significantly increased risk of postpartum T2D. These findings highlight the need for targeted prevention and follow\u2010up care for this high\u2010risk group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T04:10:54Z","timestamp":1765339854000},"page":"1844-1853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Income\u2010related inequities in the progression from gestational to type 2 diabetes: Findings from Taiwan's maternal and child health database"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4677-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu\u2010Shun","family":"Yen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Yen's Clinic  Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James Cheng\u2010Chung","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University  Taichung City Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University Hospital  Taichung City Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan\u2010Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Hsin","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Miaoli County Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Ru","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Miaoli County Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8209-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chii\u2010Min","family":"Hwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming University School of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4563-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih\u2010Cheng","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Miaoli County Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Min\u2010Sheng General Hospital  Taoyuan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research National Health Research Institutes  Huwei Township Yunlin County Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00827-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00826-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation.IDF Diabetes Atlas 11th Edition. 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