{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:08:35Z","timestamp":1773014915550,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent, and many adults, especially those not using insulin, struggle to reach HbA1c targets. This review aimed to evaluate the effect of self\u2010monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus from January 2014 to May 2025 for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials enrolling adults with type 2 diabetes that evaluated SMBG or CGM versus no monitoring or SMBG, respectively. Fifteen systematic reviews comprising 81 unique studies and 23\u2009657 participants were included. Reviews comparing SMBG with no monitoring demonstrated a modest but significant reduction in HbA1c (MD \u22120.23%, 95% CI \u22120.29 to \u22120.18;\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200921%). Reviews directly comparing CGM with SMBG showed greater HbA1c reduction with CGM (MD \u22120.29%, 95% CI \u22120.34 to \u22120.24;\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090%). Subgroup analyses for SMBG indicated consistent benefits across follow\u2010up duration, monitoring structure, and study quality, although heterogeneity was high in some comparisons. Subgroup analyses for CGM types found both isCGM\/FGM (MD \u22120.27%, 95% CI \u22120.43 to \u22120.11) and rtCGM (MD \u22120.36%, 95% CI \u22120.45 to \u22120.27) superior to SMBG. These findings support glucose monitoring for optimizing glycaemic management and outcomes. Further investment in cost\u2010effectiveness studies is warranted to assess broader implementation in this population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T04:59:38Z","timestamp":1766984378000},"page":"1638-1648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of glucose monitoring methods and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: An umbrella review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Foo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology Research Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sri","family":"Chodapaneedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology Research Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brayden","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology Research Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harvey Jia Wei","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology Research Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Health Economics and Policy Evaluation Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Gasevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6280-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Western Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Trin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology Research Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Cataldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology Research Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella","family":"Zomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2672-0949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Zoungas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7739-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Talic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacoEpidemiology Research Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria 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