{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:31:09Z","timestamp":1788827469644,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001003","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020536","name":"Eli Lilly Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020536","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n \n Prevalence of chronic kidney disease (\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) differs between females and males across the disease spectrum. Data on whether management of\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n also varies according to sex are limited. This study aimed to understand sex\u2010related differences in\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n monitoring and cardiovascular risk management in Australian primary care.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Retrospective cohort study of adults attending general practices in Australia between 1 January 2011 and 30 June 2020 and met diagnostic criteria for\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Sex differences in\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n monitoring and management were assessed within 18\u2009months of meeting\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n diagnostic criteria. Core monitoring was defined as \u22651 measurement of all of blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin creatine ratio, lipids and, in patients with diabetes, haemoglobin A1c (\n HbA1c<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Cardiovascular risk management comprised angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (\n ACEi<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n ARB<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and statin prescriptions, blood pressure target achievement, and lipid control. Adjusted modified Poisson regression determined the relative risk (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) of outcomes in females versus males, and sex\u2010specific analyses explored associations between patient characteristics and outcomes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 140\u2009774 patients with\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 51.4% were female. Females were older (mean age: 75.8 vs. 72.7\u2009years) and had less prevalent cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Females were less likely than males to receive core monitoring in models adjusted for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n [95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ], 0.96 [0.95\u20130.98]),\n ACEi<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n ARB<\/jats:styled-content>\n prescription (0.96 [0.95\u20130.97]; no difference in statin prescription), blood pressure targets (<140\/\n 90\u2009mmHg<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 0.96 [0.95\u20130.97]), and\n LDL<\/jats:styled-content>\n <2\u2009mmol\/L (0.82 [0.80\u20130.84]). Differences persisted with advancing age, higher\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk, and co\u2010morbidity subgroups. Sex\u2010specific analyses found similar associations between patient characteristics and\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n care in both females and males.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Females with\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n were less likely to receive\n CKD<\/jats:styled-content>\n monitoring and cardiovascular risk management compared to males. Findings were not explained by differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, with findings persisting in both high\u2010risk subgroups and adjusted models. Further research is required to understand reasons for disparities in care.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T02:55:58Z","timestamp":1769050558000},"page":"2329-2338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex differences in patterns of chronic kidney disease care in Australian primary care: A retrospective cohort study of a national general practice dataset"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2728-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Wallace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Western Health Chronic Disease Alliance Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Melbourne Melbourne 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