{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:35:58Z","timestamp":1790469358601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The timing of physical activity may influence metabolic health through interactions with circadian rhythms, yet its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development is unclear. We investigated associations between time\u2010of\u2010day\u2010specific physical activity and incident T2DM, and whether theoretically reallocating activity from morning to later in the day was associated with changes in T2DM risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 4615 participants from The Maastricht Study cohort without diabetes (age 59.2\u2009\u00b1\u20098.6\u2009years; 56.3% women). Device\u2010based physical activity was measured over 7\u2009days using activPAL monitors and classified into light\u2010intensity physical activity (LPA) and moderate\u2010to\u2010vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), for morning (06:00\u201311:59\u2009AM), afternoon (12:00\u201317:59\u2009PM), evening (18:00\u201323:59\u2009PM) and night (00:00\u201305:59\u2009AM). Incident T2DM was assessed during a median 8.2\u2010year follow\u2010up. Cox proportional hazard and isotemporal substitution models were used, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, including diet, employment and sleep duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During follow\u2010up, 168 participants (3.6%) developed T2DM. Each additional 10\u2009min\/day of afternoon LPA or MVPA was associated with lower T2DM risk (LPA: hazard ratio [HR] 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70\u20130.97; MVPA: HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.72\u20131.00). Evening MVPA was also inversely associated with T2DM risk (0.65; 0.45\u20130.93), whereas night\u2010time MVPA was associated with an increased risk (3.64; 1.30\u201310.17). No significant associations were found of morning LPA and MVPA or evening and night LPA with T2DM incidence. Substitution analyses indicated that reallocating 10\u2009min of morning LPA to afternoon LPA (HR 0.71; 0.54\u20130.95) or morning MVPA to evening MVPA (HR: 0.64; 0.43\u20130.96) was associated with a lower T2DM risk, while no other significant associations were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Later\u2010day physical activity, particularly in the afternoon, was associated with a lower incidence of T2DM, independent of intensity. This highlights the potential relevance of activity timing in relation to T2DM incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:52:51Z","timestamp":1768294371000},"page":"2642-2650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reallocating morning physical activity to later\u2010day activity and its association with type 2 diabetes incidence: The Maastricht Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4179-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marvin Y.","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone J. P. M.","family":"Eussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen H. P. M.","family":"van der Velde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan E.","family":"de Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans H. C. M.","family":"Savelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Science, NUTRIM Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Bosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn J. L.","family":"Bours","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matty P.","family":"Weijenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Koster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190502103733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0901-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0056-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0229-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","article-title":"Call to action: contribute to the development of the third edition of the physical activity guidelines for Americans","volume":"10","author":"Piercy KL","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl J Am Coll Sports Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00577-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0150-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0122-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000500071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01879-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14676"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221105531"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05813-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.957239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05477-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4767-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06368-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01721-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06001-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57082-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9889-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1140908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01045-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO\/IDF consultation.2006. 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