{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:29:33Z","timestamp":1777984173825,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT203148\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT203148\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may lead to diabetes\u2010associated cognitive dysfunction (DACD). We aimed to develop an amide proton transfer\u2010weighted (APTw) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker to assist early identification of T2DM with DACD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 27 T2DM patients, comprising 19 with mild cognitive impairment (T2DM\u2010MCI) and 8 without (T2DM\u2010nMCI), along with 11 community\u2010based controls without MCI (CG\u2010nMCI). All participants completed neuropsychological tests and APTw\u2010MRI. We measured hippocampal APTw signal intensity (SI) in both groups, analysed its correlation with cognitive scores and assessed diagnostic performance using area under the curve (AUC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In T2DM\u2010nMCI patients, left hippocampal head APTw SI showed a positive correlation with semantic verbal fluency (SVF;\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.770,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.593,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025) but a negative correlation with Wechsler Memory Scale\u2010Digit Span Test\u2010Backward (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.802,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.643,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017). In T2DM\u2010MCI patients, left hippocampal head APTw SI positively correlated with SVF scores (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.414,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.172,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044), while left tail values showed negative associations with Trail\u2010Making Test\u2010A (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.333,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.111) and Auditory Verbal Learning Test\u2010Huashan version\u2010delayed recall (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.376,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.141, both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.021). The left hippocampal body demonstrated diagnostic potential for T2DM\u2010nMCI (AUC\u2009=\u20090.793,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.045), while the left hippocampal head showed higher discriminative power for T2DM\u2010MCI (AUC\u2009=\u20090.732,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.034).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>APTw imaging suggested a spatially evolving pattern of hippocampal damage in T2DM, where the left body may show early alterations, with the left head potentially becoming more implicated upon MCI onset. These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the potential of APTw as an early, non\u2010invasive biomarker for tracking neuropathological progression in DACD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T04:41:29Z","timestamp":1770093689000},"page":"2859-2870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2010associated cognitive dysfunction: The potential of amide proton transfer\u2010weighted imaging"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-1677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju\u2010wei","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinolgy The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun\u2010qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong\u2010yan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Sciences Kunming Medical University  Kunming Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas 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