{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1780459378263,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 GM138597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM138597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL169458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL169458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009950","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026\u2010RISE\u201010\u2010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026\u2010RISE\u201010\u2010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been inversely associated with prostate cancer (PrCa) risk. However, it remains unclear whether a polygenic risk score (PRS) for PrCa can effectively stratify risk among men with T2DM. The primary objective of this study was to assess whether a PrCa PRS predicts PrCa risk independently of T2DM status. The secondary objective was to evaluate potential mediating factors, including insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101 (IGF\u20101) and sex hormones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed data from over 140\u2009000 men in the UK Biobank and Penn Medicine Biobank. A PrCa PRS was constructed using summary statistics from a large\u2010scale genome\u2010wide association study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between PRS and incident PrCa, adjusting for relevant covariates and testing for interaction by T2DM status. Additionally, sex hormones and IGF\u20101 levels were analysed to explore potential mediators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      T2DM was associated with a reduced incidence of PrCa. The PrCa PRS was significantly associated with PrCa risk regardless of T2DM status (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and men in the highest PRS category exhibited the greatest risk, especially among those without T2DM. IGF\u20101 levels were positively associated with PrCa risk among both diabetic and non\u2010diabetic men, while sex hormone levels showed no significant association in men with T2DM. Adjusting for testosterone and IGF\u20101 did not attenuate the association between PRS and PrCa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PrCa PRS effectively stratifies risk among men with and without T2DM, highlighting the independent contribution of genetic susceptibility. Lower IGF\u20101 levels in T2DM patients may partly mediate the reduced PrCa risk, suggesting a possible biological mechanism underlying these observations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T08:30:33Z","timestamp":1774513833000},"page":"4991-5000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polygenic Risk Score Predicts Prostate Cancer Risk Independent of Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8658-7225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guk Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4116-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang\u2010Hyuk","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics Kangwon National University College of Medicine  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Won","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics Kangwon National University College of Medicine  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Kangwon National University College of Medicine  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Penn Medicine Biobank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae\u2010Seung","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4592-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dokyoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Informatics University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602619"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010007\u20100681\u2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20\u20100204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064\u2010016\u20103233\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2582"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416\u2010020\u20100910\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.17703"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552\u2010018\u20101067\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010016\u20103972\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010149\u20107\u2010200810070\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100579\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12121974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21\u2010S002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916\u2010022\u201002336\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.312"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym276"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym293"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3583"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000529"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu704"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439\u2010008\u20100568\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3656"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010020\u201000748\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","unstructured":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory's European Bioinformatics Institute \u201cPolygenic Score (PGS) ID: PGS000662 \u201daccessed Feb 24 2025 https:\/\/www.pgscatalog.org\/score\/PGS000662\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742\u2010015\u20100047\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470\u20102045(23)00156\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20100800\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5757"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391\u2010021\u201000446\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201019600\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20100751\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3345"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac124"}],"container-title":["Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.70690","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dom.70690","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.70690","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:14:06Z","timestamp":1780456446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dom.70690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dom.70690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.70690","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70690\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1462-8902","1463-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-8902","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}