{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:56:26Z","timestamp":1791928586462,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes care requires frequent and high\u2010stakes decisions that must be made in the setting of substantial day\u2010to\u2010day physiologic variability. The growing availability of continuous glucose monitoring, connected insulin delivery devices and longitudinal electronic health record data has created an opportunity for algorithm\u2010enabled tools that can synthesise high\u2010frequency data, reduce cognitive burden for patients and clinicians, and support safer and more consistent decision\u2010making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, artificial intelligence (AI) is used broadly to describe computational systems that generate predictions, recommendations or automation from clinical data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We distinguish between algorithmic automation and control methods that underpin many currently deployed automated insulin delivery (AID) systems and machine learning\u2013based models, including deep learning and large language models (LLMs), that are increasingly used for pattern recognition, risk prediction and natural language applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This distinction is clinically relevant because evidence standards, safety risks and governance needs vary substantially across these categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review summarises current and emerging applications of AI in diabetes care with an emphasis on clinical readiness, strength of evidence and implementation considerations. We highlight established applications in AID, emerging approaches that seek greater autonomy and interoperability and newer tools such as LLMs, wearables and digital twin frameworks, focusing on where evidence is strongest, where risks are highest and what safeguards are required for responsible clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:12:43Z","timestamp":1774937563000},"page":"4587-4601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in Diabetes Care"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2078-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Dubsk\u00fd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine  Prague Czech Republic"},{"name":"First Faculty of Medicine Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Liegertov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Jan Evangelista Purkyn\u011b University  \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"B\u00e9m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine  Prague Czech Republic"},{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Soj\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine  Prague Czech Republic"},{"name":"First Faculty of Medicine Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladim\u00edra","family":"Fejfarov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine  Prague Czech Republic"},{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3186-4122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward B.","family":"Jude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester  Ashton\u2010under\u2010Lyne Lancashire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2026.111469"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13152582"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105474"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/68260"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2012.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01144-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1217"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078171"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00267-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818808307"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01679-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landig.2025.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","unstructured":"\u201cI E. Sequel Med Tech Partners with Diabeloop to Bring FDA Cleared DBLG2 Algorithm to the Twiist Pump \u201d(2026) https:\/\/www.diabetech.info\/p\/sequel\u2010med\u2010tech\u2010partners\u2010with\u2010diabeloop\u2010to\u2010bring\u2010fda\u2010cleared\u2010dblg2\u2010algorithm\u2010to\u2010the\u2010twiist\u2010pump."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2024.30.10-b.s7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1169595"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2024.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346241262942"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00873-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0197"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/58041"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","volume-title":"D\u2010Care: A Multi\u2010Tone LLM\u2010Based Chatbot Assistant for Diabetes Patients","author":"Nawabi A. K.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/72553"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968241253568"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968241265882"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60380"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70115"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24172-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/70131"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112425"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01969-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1067"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03139-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968251384314","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Diabetes Complication Prediction: A Systematic Review of Current Applications and Future Directions","author":"Pescol F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.108737"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84003-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22317\/jcms.v11i2.1778"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1652556"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.113031"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.112986"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241289730","article-title":"Evaluating the Comprehension and Accuracy of Chatgpt's Responses to Diabetes\u2010Related Questions in Urdu Compared to English","volume":"10","author":"Faisal S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0079"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-2818"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12110985"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.11.2642"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/81289"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/32934"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S322424"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S354729"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57121359"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07774-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020486"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2023.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968211070850"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09287329241296417"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62076-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2024.2505"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2023.0469"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221102183"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imed.2025.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76584-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0587"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281878"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2435483"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05444-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03339-1"}],"container-title":["Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.70720","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dom.70720","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.70720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:08:41Z","timestamp":1780456121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dom.70720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dom.70720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.70720","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70720\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70720\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70720\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70720\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1462-8902","1463-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-8902","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}