{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:14:39Z","timestamp":1789172079960,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence suggests that COVID\u201019 may be associated with an increased risk of diabetes. We aimed to examine this association by investigating the role of socioeconomic and metabolic factors on the risk of new\u2010onset type 2 (T2D) and type 1 (T1D) diabetes after COVID\u201019 diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective, population\u2010based cohort study using linked electronic health records from NHS England's Secure Data Environment for England via the CVD\u2010COVID\u2010UK\/COVID\u2010IMPACT consortium. Adults (\u2265\u200918\u2009years), alive, registered with a general practice within 1 January 2020 and 28 May 2024 were included. Exposed individuals with confirmed COVID\u201019 diagnosis and no prior diabetes were matched to up to three unexposed individuals without COVID\u201019 and diabetes on age, sex, region and deprivation. Flexible parametric survival models were used to estimate associations between COVID\u201019 and incident diabetes by sex and across age, BMI, deprivation, ethnicity, and region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 50\u2009156\u2009810 eligible individuals, 12\u2009859\u2009545 with a COVID\u201019 diagnosis and no prior diabetes were matched to 29\u2009221\u2009285 without COVID\u201019; the median follow\u2010up was 2.4\u2009years. Although BMI was strongly and positively associated with the risk of T2D, differences between exposed and unexposed individuals were little to none, with the excess risk concentrated in the first year (e.g., in 70\u2010year\u2010old men with BMI 35\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , rates were 44.2 [95% CI: 43.6\u201344.8] and 44.2 [43.7\u201344.8] per 1000 person\u2010years in the exposed and unexposed group, respectively, at 1\u2009year; corresponding figures in women were 28.0 [27.6\u201328.5] and 29.1 [28.7\u201329.5]). These rate differences by COVID\u201019 exposure were considerably smaller than those across BMI levels: for example, 22 more T2D cases per 1000 person\u2010years at 1\u2009year for those with a BMI of 35 versus 30\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in unexposed 70\u2010year\u2010old men. Similarly, higher deprivation and Asian ethnicity were also more strongly associated with the risk of T2D than COVID\u201019 exposure. There was no evidence of an association between COVID\u201019 and T1D across all analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort, COVID\u201019 was associated with a modest, short\u2010term increase in T2D risk and showed no meaningful association with T1D. Established metabolic, demographic and socioeconomic factors\u2014including age, BMI, deprivation and ethnicity\u2014were more strongly associated with T2D incidence than COVID\u201019 exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T03:43:41Z","timestamp":1778471021000},"page":"6661-6673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variations in the Risk of New\u2010Onset Diabetes Following\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Infection Across Body Mass Index, Deprivation, Ethnicity and Geographic Regions: Population\u2010Based Cohort Study in 42 Million People in England"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmin","family":"Shabnam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Razieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Data Analysis for Social Care and Health Office for National Statistics  Newport UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre, Health Data Research UK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Centre University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3011-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevieve","family":"Cezard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6777-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogini V.","family":"Chudasama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare L.","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amitava","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Informatics University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre, Health Data Research UK  London UK"},{"name":"British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, and Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Khunti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Zaccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the CVD\u2010COVID\u2010UK\/COVID\u2010IMPACT Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00684-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03078-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac384"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1429848\/full"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00089-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-216666"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"NHS England Digital \u201cGeneral Practice Extraction Service (GPES) Data for Pandemic Planning and Research (GDPPR): A Guide for Analysts and Users of the Data \u201d2025 https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/coronavirus\/gpes\u2010data\u2010for\u2010pandemic\u2010planning\u2010and\u2010research\/guide\u2010for\u2010analysts\u2010and\u2010users\u2010of\u2010the\u2010data."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"NHS England Digital \u201cCOVID\u201019 Second Generation Surveillance System (SGSS) \u201d2025 https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/services\/data\u2010access\u2010request\u2010service\u2010dars\/dars\u2010products\u2010and\u2010services\/data\u2010set\u2010catalogue\/covid\u201019\u2010second\u2010generation\u2010surveillance\u2010system\u2010sgss."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"NHS England Digital \u201cSGSS and SARI Watch Data \u201d2025 https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/about\u2010nhs\u2010digital\/corporate\u2010information\u2010and\u2010documents\/directions\u2010and\u2010data\u2010provision\u2010notices\/data\u2010provision\u2010notices\u2010dpns\/sgss\u2010and\u2010sari\u2010watch\u2010data."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"NHS England Digital \u201cTrusted Research Environment Service for England \u201d2025 https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/services\/trusted\u2010research\u2010environment\u2010service\u2010for\u2010england."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"HDR UK \u201cCVD\u2010COVID\u2010UK\/COVID\u2010IMPACT \u201d2025 https:\/\/www.hdruk.ac.uk\/projects\/cvd\u2010covid\u2010uk\u2010project\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","article-title":"Linked Electronic Health Records for Research on a Nationwide Cohort of More Than 54 Million People in England: Data Resource","volume":"373","author":"Wood A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research ed.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"GOV.UK \u201cEnglish Indices of Deprivation 2019 \u201d (2019) https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english\u2010indices\u2010of\u2010deprivation\u20102019."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"E.Pearson \u201cBHF DSC Diabetes Algorithm \u201d 2025 https:\/\/bhf\u2010dsc\u2010hds.shinyapps.io\/hds_phenotypes_diabetes\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"P.RoystonandP. C.Lambert \u201cFlexible Parametric Survival Analysis Using Stata: Beyond the Cox Model \u201d 2025 https:\/\/stata\u2010uk.com\/flexible\u2010parametric\u2010survival\u2010analysis\u2010using\u2010stata\u2010beyond\u2010the\u2010cox\u2010model.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00159-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00044-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00623-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02656-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010025\u201006540\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.21281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2216477"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161521\/full"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100960"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00072-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0418"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00360-w"}],"container-title":["Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.70856","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dom.70856","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.70856","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:43:55Z","timestamp":1789170235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dom.70856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dom.70856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.70856","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70856\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70856\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70856\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70856\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70856\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70856\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70856\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.70856\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1462-8902","1463-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-8902","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}