{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:02:45Z","timestamp":1786122165249,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015223","name":"Danish Diabetes and Endocrine Academy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF22SA0079901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF22SA0079901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the association and dose\u2013response between systemic and topical glucocorticoids and odds of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a nationwide case\u2013control study using Danish registry data from 2013 to 2021. People aged 40\u2009years or older with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009149\u2009113) were matched 1:3 with controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009447\u2009339) by age, sex and weighted Charlson Comorbidity Index. Glucocorticoid exposure was defined as \u2265\u20091 prescription within 1\u2009year before the date of diagnosis and \u2265\u20092 within 3\u2009years and classified as systemic or topical. Conditional logistic regression estimated ORs with 95% CIs, and dose\u2013response associations were assessed according to daily prednisolone\u2010equivalent dose.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incident Type 2 diabetes mellitus cases had higher glucocorticoid exposure and cumulative doses than controls among oral systemic and dermatologic glucocorticoids. Odds increased progressively with higher doses of oral systemic glucocorticoids: adjusted OR 1.25 (95% CI, 1.21\u20131.29) at &lt;\u20092.5\u2009mg\/day; 1.49 (95% CI, 1.43\u20131.56) at 2.5\u20137.4\u2009mg\/day; and 3.02 (95% CI, 2.90\u20133.15) at \u2265\u20097.5\u2009mg\/day. Dermatologic glucocorticoids showed a similar gradient, from 1.21 (95% CI, 1.18\u20131.23) at &lt;\u20092.5\u2009mg\/day to 1.51 (95% CI, 1.40\u20131.63) at \u2265\u20097.5\u2009mg\/day. No progressively significant associations were observed for nasal, rectal, ophthalmic or otic formulations after adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systemic and dermatologic glucocorticoid use was associated with a clear dose\u2010dependent increase in Type 2 diabetes mellitus odds, including at doses &lt;\u20092.5\u2009mg\/day. Other topical routes appeared metabolically safe. Consideration of cumulative glucocorticoid exposure should inform prescribing and monitoring practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.71001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:43:03Z","timestamp":1781667783000},"page":"8094-8102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dose\u2013Response Association Between Systemic and Dermatologic Glucocorticoid Use and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6227-7333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Vadsholt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4291-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika V.","family":"Kvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5446-2529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chano","family":"Sandiramoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1003-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition &amp; Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University  Perth Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, the University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9046-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"R\u00f8ikjer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3880-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicklas H.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg 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