{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:03:30Z","timestamp":1790741010932,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2506700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2506700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether variability in carbohydrate intake is associated with body weight change and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective study used 24\u2010h dietary data from the UK Biobank. Variability in total carbohydrate, dietary fibre and sugar intake was assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV) from at least three assessments. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the association between the CVs and body weight change. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to estimate the association between the CVs and incident T2D. Mediation analysis was conducted to assess whether weight change mediated the associations between the CVs and incident T2D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 53\u2009691 participants (mean age, 56\u2009years), each 1\u2010standard deviation (SD) increment in the CV of total carbohydrate, dietary fibre and sugar intake was associated with 0.20\u20130.24\u2009kg greater weight gain over a median 6.6\u2010year follow\u2010up (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). During a median follow\u2010up of 10.3\u2009years, each 1\u2010SD increase in fibre and sugar intake variability was associated with a higher risk of incident T2D (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00\u20131.10 and HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04\u20131.14, respectively). Weight gain mediated 7% and 5% of the associations between fibre and sugar intake variability and incident T2D, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greater variability in carbohydrate\u2010related intake was associated with modestly greater long\u2010term weight gain and a modestly higher risk of incident T2D. These findings suggest that carbohydrate intake regularity may represent an additional dimension of diet relevant to long\u2010term cardiometabolic health, particularly from a population\u2010health perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.71389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:44:16Z","timestamp":1790739856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbohydrate Intake Variability, Weight Change and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0246-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kexin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxiao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlai","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People's Hospital  Lishui Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9208-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor W.","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(23)02750\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000973"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(24)01210\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102022\u2010073939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25\u20101401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.49552"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20108587(24)00069\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201043444\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.42163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.125401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20108587(23)00344\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i5.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040523"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394\u2010021\u201002558\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201042523\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.2.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2447422"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102020\u2010102955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(10)60308\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18\u20101396"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201006212\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116000239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25\u20102957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010023\u201000891\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2368"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102022\u2010071609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010025\u201003719\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac026"}],"container-title":["Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.71389","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dom.71389","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.71389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:44:18Z","timestamp":1790739858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dom.71389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dom.71389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.71389","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-8902","1463-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-8902","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"dom.71389"}}