{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:52:35Z","timestamp":1791535955634,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018PG\u2010T1D022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PG\u2010T1D022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M. and Harry B. 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Previously developed PRS were assessed and sex\u2010aligned PRS for boys and for girls were developed from 150 SNPs defining 14 HLA DR\u2010DQ haplotypes and 143 T1D genetic susceptibility regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PRS were similar between children with early\u2010stage T1D and stage 3 T1D for the GPPAD GRS (median 12.8 vs. 12.8,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.81) and the GRS2 (median 13.8 vs. 13.9,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.1). At thresholds corresponding to the 99.2 centile of the background population, the estimated risk for early\u2010stage T1D was higher in boys than girls using both the GPPAD GRS (10.7% in boys vs. 6.8% in girls) and GRS2 (16.4% vs. 8.6%). Novel full (150 SNP) and short (38 SNP) sex\u2010aligned early\u2010stage T1D PRS discriminated cases from controls with around 90% area under the receiver operator characteristic curve in boys and girls. Estimated risks for boys and girls at the 99.2 centile of the background population using the sex\u2010aligned PRS converged, but differences were not eliminated (12.6% for boys, 9.3% for girls).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PRS in children with early\u2010stage and Stage 3 T1D are highly comparable, but suggest a sex bias in early\u2010stage Type 1 diabetes risk in children with high PRS. A sex\u2010aligned PRS was predicted to reduce, but not eliminate, sex\u2010related differences in predicted risk. The PRS was developed primarily in a paediatric population of predominantly European ancestry and requires independent external validation, including in other ancestry groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.71417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:37:46Z","timestamp":1791535066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polygenic Risk Scores for Islet Autoantibody Positive Early\u2010Stage Type 1 Diabetes Pre\u2010Screening"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9098-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Zapardiel\u2010Gonzalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen Institute of Diabetes Research  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen Institute of Diabetes Research  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Haupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen Institute of Diabetes Research  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manja","family":"Jolink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen Institute of Diabetes Research  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"K\u00e4\u00dfl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen Institute of Diabetes Research  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Hatzikotoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen Institute of Translational Genomics  Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6290-5548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anette\u2010G.","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen Institute of Diabetes Research  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8704-4713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezio","family":"Bonifacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German 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