{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:48:06Z","timestamp":1792025286510,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among several approaches, k\u2010means clustering has established as a widely used method to classify people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) into distinct subphenotypes, and the\n                      <jats:italic>Ahlqvist<\/jats:italic>\n                      T2D subphenotypes of Severe Insulin Deficient Diabetes (SIDD), Mild Age\u2010Related Diabetes (MARD), Mild Obesity Diabetes (MOD) and Severe Insulin Resistant Diabetes (SIRD) became the most replicated ones in diabetes cohorts since its introduction in 2018. This review summarises the current evidence gained from the\n                      <jats:italic>Ahlqvist<\/jats:italic>\n                      subphenotypes focusing on distribution patterns, key characteristics, comorbidities and their clinical implementation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a narrative literature search of PubMed for English\u2010language articles published from inception to June 2026 using combinations of the terms \u2018k\u2010means clustering\u2019, \u2018classification of diabetes\u2019, \u2018\n                      <jats:italic>Ahlqvist<\/jats:italic>\n                      methodology\u2019, \u2018type 2 diabetes\u2019, \u2018diabetes subphenotypes\u2019 and \u2018diabetes subtypes\u2019. Literature was eligible which reported the same\n                      <jats:italic>Ahlqvist<\/jats:italic>\n                      classification method as originally applied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010eight cohorts were identified incorporating more than 97\u2009000 people with diabetes.\n                      <jats:italic>Ahlqvist<\/jats:italic>\n                      subphenotypes have been studied mainly in White\/European and East\/South Asian populations but seldom in Black\/Africans and Hispanic\/Latin Americans. MARD and MOD had the highest prevalences among populations; SIDD had severe insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia, and low fasting C\u2010peptide (FCP) levels; SIRD was insulin resistant with high FCP levels and incidence risk of nephropathy. Retrospective analyses of glycaemic responses to glucose\u2010lowering treatments did not clearly favour any drug regimen for subphenotypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Ahlqvist<\/jats:italic>\n                      T2D subphenotypes reflect the heterogeneity of T2D. However, clinical implementation is associated with many barriers, and further studies must prove the value of subphenotype\u2010guided management of T2D towards precision diabetes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.71419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:03:12Z","timestamp":1791248592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The\n                    <i>Ahlqvist<\/i>\n                    Subphenotypes of Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of Scientific Evidence and Its Potential Contribution to Precision Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5321-7164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Landgraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Consultant  Berlin 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