{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:40:01Z","timestamp":1792543201722,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to determine whether in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a digital nudge delivered by a smartphone app soon after dinner reduces subsequent snacking events as measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants: Adults with T2DM, managed with diet or stable oral antidiabetic medication for at least 3\u2009months, and who habitually snacked after dinner on \u2265\u20093 nights\/week. Design: Pictographic nudges were co\u2010designed with consumers. After\u2010dinner snacking behaviours were confirmed during a 2\u2010week Lead\u2010In phase by CGM. Thereafter, eligible participants were\n micro\u2010randomized daily<\/jats:italic>\n (1:1, MRT phase) to either a pictographic nudge delivered\u2010in\u2010time (Intui Research) or no nudge for a second 2\u2010week period. The primary outcome was the difference in incremental area under the CGM curve (net\u2010iAUC) between nudging days and non\u2010nudging days during the period 90\u2010min post\u2010dinner until 4\u2009AM.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Sixty\u2010six participants completed the Lead\u2010In phase and 56 completed the MRT phase with available CGM data. CGM data were collected over 911 nights during the Lead\u2010In phase and 780 nights during the MRT phase, with a total of 410 digital nudges sent. Over the entire 2\u2010week period there was no effect of nudging on the primary outcome (net\u2010iAUC). However, secondary analyses showed that there was an initial nudge effect that faded over time. Similar results were observed for snacking behaviour and CGM time\u2010in\u2010range.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This study provides preliminary feasibility of delivering just\u2010in\u2010time nudges in adults with T2DM, with no overall glycaemic benefit. Exploratory early effects warrant confirmation and investigation of strategies to sustain efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n ACTRN12622000531718<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.71439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:25:21Z","timestamp":1792542321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and Feasibility of Just\u2010in\u2010Time Nudging in Reducing Evening Snacking Measured by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Micro\u2010Randomized Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Bidargaddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Vakulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute\u2014Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Luscombe\u2010Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes SA Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Benton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes SA Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute\u2014Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Kemps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Human Sciences and Culture, Flinders University Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine College of Health, Adelaide University Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie K.","family":"Heilbronn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine College of Health, Adelaide University Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary A.","family":"Wittert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine College of Health, Adelaide University Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"Magliano D. 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