{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:00:42Z","timestamp":1773421242820,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,19]],"date-time":"2017-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006589","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Croatia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["216\u20102160133\u20100130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216\u20102160133\u20100130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003415","name":"Ministarstvo Obrazovanja, Znanosti i Sporta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Echocardiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>We determined whether stroke and\/or TIA<\/jats:styled-content> subjects have exercise\u2010induced blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (Q<\/jats:italic>IPAVA<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>) and\/or patent foramen ovale (Q<\/jats:italic>PFO<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>) and a genetic predisposition for ischemic stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Twenty\u2010eight stroke and\/or TIA<\/jats:styled-content> subjects (33\u201363\u00a0years old) underwent transthoracic saline contrast echocardiography concomitant with transcranial Doppler to detect Q<\/jats:italic>IPAVA<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> and Q<\/jats:italic>PFO<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> at rest and during supine exercise with and without breathing 100% O2<\/jats:sub>. We also examined genetic polymorphisms in FV<\/jats:styled-content> Leiden (G1691A; rs6025), factor II<\/jats:styled-content> (FII<\/jats:styled-content>) prothrombin (G20210A; rs1799963), methylene tetrahydfropholate reductase (C677T, rs1801133), and plasminogen\u2010activator inhibitor\u20101 (PAI<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) (4G\/5G; rs1799889) and angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme (ACE<\/jats:styled-content>; I\/D, rs4646994) in 24\/28 subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>No subject without PFO<\/jats:styled-content> had Q<\/jats:italic>IPAVA<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> at rest (n=17), but 12\/17 did with exercise. All PFO<\/jats:styled-content> subjects had Q<\/jats:italic>PFO<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> at rest (n=11) and 7\/11 had either Q<\/jats:italic>IPAVA<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> or Q<\/jats:italic>PFO<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> with exercise. Breathing 100% O2<\/jats:sub> during exercise reduced or eliminated left heart contrast in all subjects. Gene analyses revealed that 15\/24 patients were either heterozygous or homozygous for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism; 4G\/4G and 4G\/5G genotypes of plasminogen\u2010activator inhibitor\u20101 were present in 7\/24 and 13\/24 patients, respectively; polymorphisms of ACE D\/D genotype were present in 6\/24 and I\/D in 14\/24 patients. Having both I\/D and 4G\/4G genotypes was more prevalent in PFO<\/jats:styled-content>+ subjects (P<\/jats:italic>=.03), and there was a trend (P<\/jats:italic>=.06) for PFO<\/jats:styled-content>\u2212 subjects to have a greater D\/D genotype prevalence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Novel genetic predispositions reported here in PFO<\/jats:styled-content> subjects should be investigated further in larger stroke and\/or TIA<\/jats:styled-content> patient datasets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]],"date-time":"2017-03-20T04:42:53Z","timestamp":1489984973000},"page":"676-682","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Characterization of blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses and patent foramen ovale at rest and during exercise in stroke and transient ischemic attack 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