{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:20:06Z","timestamp":1762507206815,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,29]],"date-time":"2017-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Echocardiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to analyze left ventricular (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV<\/jats:styled-content>) fluid dynamics in dilated cardiomyopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCM<\/jats:styled-content>) by using echocardiographic particle image velocimetry (E\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIV<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCM<\/jats:styled-content> and twenty healthy volunteers were examined. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV<\/jats:styled-content> ultrasound contrast was administered by intravenous bolus injection. At least three dynamic contrast\u2010enhanced echocardiographic images of cardiac cycles from apical three\u2010chamber view and four\u2010chamber view were obtained. The acquired echocardiographic image loops were processed off line by HyperFlow.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In healthy hearts, the filling flow in the left ventricle finally comes to be a single large clockwise vortex, which smoothly redirects the blood to the outflow tract. Meanwhile, aberrant flow patterns are observed in the patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCM<\/jats:styled-content>. In the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCM<\/jats:styled-content> group, the vortex area (0.237\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.063 vs 0.196\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.129, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.029), vortex depth (0.396\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.134 vs 0.293\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.143, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.025), and vortex length (0.534\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.089 vs 0.435\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.176, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.004) are significantly higher. The flow force angle (29.979\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.208 vs 35.896\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.044, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.013) is significantly lower, and energy dissipation (0.975\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.552 vs 0.578\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.295, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.006) is significantly higher. A negative linear relation is indicated between the following pairs of parameters: vortex depth and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV<\/jats:styled-content> ejection fraction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.350, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.027); vortex length and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV EF<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.321, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.044); energy dissipation and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV EF<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.523, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.001). A positive linear relation is indicated between flow force angle and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV EF<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.365, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.021).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>E\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIV<\/jats:styled-content> can effectively and quantitatively evaluate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV<\/jats:styled-content> fluid dynamics in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DCM<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV<\/jats:styled-content> fluid dynamics and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LV<\/jats:styled-content> systolic function interact with and affect each other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T03:02:38Z","timestamp":1509332558000},"page":"56-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of left ventricular fluid dynamics in dilated cardiomyopathy by echocardiographic particle image velocimetry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Chouchou","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Ultrasound Department the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University  Changsha Hunan Province China"},{"name":"Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Ultrasound Room Infection Department the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yizhong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen 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