{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:47:57Z","timestamp":1764784077427,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Echocardiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our aim was to evaluate the findings and the role of intraoperative epicardial echocardiography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IEE<\/jats:styled-content>) in the management of pediatric cardiac surgery patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients evaluated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IEE<\/jats:styled-content> between December 2015 and December 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. Demographic data, preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTE<\/jats:styled-content>), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IEE<\/jats:styled-content> reports were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 410 patients evaluated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IEE<\/jats:styled-content> were included in the study. Of these, 52% were women, and 48% were men. The median age was 8.5\u00a0months (range: 1\u00a0month\u20137\u00a0years), and median body weight was 7.1\u00a0kg (range: 3.3\u201361\u00a0kg). The most common diagnoses were tetralogy of Fallot (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>; n\u00a0=\u00a0148), ventricular septal defect (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSD<\/jats:styled-content>; n\u00a0=\u00a0117), atrial septal defect (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>; n\u00a0=\u00a057), and complete atrioventricular septal defect (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVSD<\/jats:styled-content>; n\u00a0=\u00a048). There were minor residual lesions not requiring reestablishment of cardiopulmonary bypass (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPB<\/jats:styled-content>) in 16.6% (n\u00a0=\u00a068), while major residual lesions requiring return to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPB<\/jats:styled-content> were determined in 5.1% (n\u00a0=\u00a021). Major residual lesions were detected in 7 patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content> (4 severe right ventricular outflow tract obstructions, 2 pulmonary artery stenosis, 1 residual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSD<\/jats:styled-content> shunt), 6 patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSD<\/jats:styled-content> (hemodynamically significant residual shunts), and 5 patients with complete <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVSD<\/jats:styled-content> (3 left atrioventricular valve regurgitations, 1 right atrioventricular valve regurgitation, 1 left ventricular outflow tract obstruction). Transient bradycardia was observed in 5 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intraoperative epicardial echocardiography provides good guidance during congenital heart surgery. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IEE<\/jats:styled-content> helps to clarify the surgical planning and decreases morbidity and mortality due to unnecessary invasive procedures, especially for pathologies involving the pulmonary artery and its branches, as well as for apical ventricular septal defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T01:27:08Z","timestamp":1522027628000},"page":"999-1004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The role of intraoperative epicardial echocardiography in pediatric cardiac 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Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center University of Health Sciences  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selman","family":"Gokalp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center University of Health Sciences  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Candas Kafali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center University of Health Sciences  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center University of Health Sciences  Istanbul 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