{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:18:50Z","timestamp":1783937930110,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Echocardiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>In 2013, outpatient use of chloral hydrate (CH<\/jats:styled-content>) was limited and other alternatives such as oral pentobarbital (PB<\/jats:styled-content>) were explored to achieve conscious sedation in young children for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE<\/jats:styled-content>). We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of the two medications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Clinical information, from a computerized database, about children who received sedation with either CH<\/jats:styled-content> or PB<\/jats:styled-content> for TTE<\/jats:styled-content> at our center (2008\u20132015) was reviewed, and the two groups were compared for sedation effectiveness and complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Three thousand eight hundred fifty one pediatric patients (median age 8\u00a0months) underwent conscious sedation during TTE<\/jats:styled-content> (mean doses CH<\/jats:styled-content> 50\u00a0mg\/kg, PB<\/jats:styled-content> 4\u00a0mg\/kg). Demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar. Sedation failure rate (CH<\/jats:styled-content> 2.4%, PB<\/jats:styled-content> 2.9%, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0NS<\/jats:styled-content>), need for supplemental doses (CH<\/jats:styled-content> 17.9%, PB<\/jats:styled-content> 16.2%, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0NS<\/jats:styled-content>), and overall adverse event rate (PB<\/jats:styled-content> 1.4%, CH<\/jats:styled-content> 1.9%; P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0NS<\/jats:styled-content>) were similar in the two groups. There were fewer episodes of respiratory depression with PB<\/jats:styled-content> (0.3% vs 1.6%, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.05). The rate of paradoxical reactions was higher with PB<\/jats:styled-content> (1% vs 0.03%, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.05). Increasing age predicted the need for supplemental doses and for sedation failure in both groups. Neonates (7.5% vs 0%) and infants (2% vs 0.6%) given CH<\/jats:styled-content> were more likely to develop adverse reactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Chloral hydrate and PB<\/jats:styled-content> are equally effective. However, CH<\/jats:styled-content> is associated with an increased incidence of transient desaturation, while PB<\/jats:styled-content> is associated with an increased incidence of a paradoxical reaction. Increasing age is predictive of the need for supplemental doses and for failure of sedation in both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T06:30:53Z","timestamp":1551162653000},"page":"766-769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sedation for pediatric echocardiography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Madhusudan","family":"Ganigara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhika","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology Mount Sinai Medical Center New York New 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York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology Mount Sinai Medical Center New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-015-0140-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1445"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70256-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(14)80365-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280104000704"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2302030107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12819"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2333031872"}],"container-title":["Echocardiography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fecho.14301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/echo.14301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/echo.14301","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/echo.14301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T12:06:20Z","timestamp":1694347580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/echo.14301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/echo.14301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/echo.14301","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-2822","1540-8175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-8175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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