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Ultrasound plays a significant role in PFO assessment, indication to treatment, intra\u2010procedural guidance, and follow\u2010up for those undergoing PFO closure. Three different techniques are frequently used for these purposes: transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiogram, and transcranial Doppler. In this review, advantages and limits of these techniques are discussed in detail to improve our skills in detection and treatment of this important condition by using ultrasound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T17:18:26Z","timestamp":1616174306000},"page":"657-675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The evolving role of echocardiography in the assessment of patent foramen ovale in patients with left\u2010side thromboembolism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1515-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Filomena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Policlinico Umberto I Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8948-4122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Policlinico Umberto I Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Maestrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Policlinico Umberto I Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Monosilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Policlinico Umberto I Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia Ilaria","family":"Birtolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Policlinico Umberto I Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Vicenzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0881-7299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Mancone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Policlinico Umberto I Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fedele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Policlinico Umberto I Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Agati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Policlinico Umberto I Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.08.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60336-X"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale","volume":"21","author":"Homma S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0458"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2019.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale and stroke\u2013current status","volume":"17","author":"Bang OY","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Stroke. 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