{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:46:07Z","timestamp":1774518367308,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Echocardiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this research was to compare the sensitivity and positive\u00a0predictive value of contrast transcranial Doppler (c\u2010TCD), contrast transthoracic echocardiography (c\u2010TTE), and contrast transesophageal echocardiography (c\u2010TEE), to determine the best method for diagnosing patent foramen ovale (PFO) and to provide a reference for the further improvement of clinical practice. We investigated 161 patients who suffered from migraines, cryptogenic stroke, TIA, and cerebral infarction of unknown cause. All patients underwent transcatheter examination, and the results of the right heart catheterization\u00a0(RHC) were considered the gold standard for PFO diagnosis. The present study revealed that c\u2010TTE with the Valsalva maneuver had a higher sensitivity in detecting PFO related right\u2010to\u2010left shunt (PFO\u2010RLS), c\u2010TCD performed similarly to c\u2010TEE but maybe produce more false positives. Moreover, when we observed color shunt from the slit\u2010like channel between the septum primum and the septum secundum on TEE, the positive\u00a0predictive value was the highest. Patients with suspected\u00a0PFO should be examined with c\u2010TTE and c\u2010TEE for confirmation. When there were a large number\u00a0of bubbles in the left heart, especially in the presence of color shunt, the positive\u00a0predictive value was the highest. The positive results of c\u2010TCD only point out the presence of right\u2010to\u2010left shunt and cannot exclude extracardiac shunt, so c\u2010TCD should not be used as a screen for PFO, additional measures such as c\u2010TTE and c\u2010TEE should be used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T05:19:45Z","timestamp":1618809585000},"page":"790-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comparative analysis of the diagnostic value of several methods for the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Shandong University Qilu Hospital Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Shandong University Qilu Hospital Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Rongjun General Hospital of Shandong Province Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shimin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Doppler Ultrasonic The First Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Jinan 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