{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:54:04Z","timestamp":1781650444083,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z181100001918008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z181100001918008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Echocardiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reverse flow Retrograde flow (RF) of blood in the aortic isthmus can be observed in different types of fetal heart disease (FHD), including abnormalities in heart structure and function. This study sought to investigate the relationship between RF and blood flow parameters, and develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to understand the mechanisms underlying this observation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 281 fetuses (gestational age [GA] 26.6\u00b1.3\u00a0weeks) with FHD and 2803 normal fetuses (GA: 26.1\u00b1.1\u00a0weeks) by fetal echocardiography collected from May 2016 to December 2018. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to find the relationship and the CFD model reconstructed from 3D\/4D spatio\u2010temporal image correlation (STIC) images to simulate hemodynamics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a significant difference in the percentages of RF between the study (80\/201 (39%)) and control (29\/2803 (1%)) groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The RF occur when the aorta flow rate (left heart) is reduced to 60% by CFD stimulation. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between flow rate and wall shear stress(WSS) (r\u00a0=\u00a0.883, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.047) variables at the AI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Volumetric flow rate of AO or left heart was the main component of the cause of RF. The hemodynamics of the cardiovascular system have highly complex behavior hinge on the turbulent nature of circulating blood flow.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T18:05:03Z","timestamp":1642097103000},"page":"166-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Retrograde flow in aortic isthmus in normal and fetal heart disease by principal component analysis and computational fluid dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8537-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Echocardiography Medical Center Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine center in Fetal Heart Disease Beijing Anzhen Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing 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