{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T20:49:39Z","timestamp":1781297379429,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Echocardiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic heart failure (CHF) has different stages and includes pre\u2010HF (PHF), a state of high risk of developing myocardial dysfunction and advanced CHF. Some major behavioral risk factors of PHF might predispose to biological risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and cardiomyopathy. These risk factors damage the myocytes leading to fibrosis, apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy, along with alterations in cardiomyocyte\u2019 size and shape. A condition of physiological subcellular remodeling resulting into a pathological state might be developed, conducting to PHF. Both PHF and heart failure (HF) are associated with the activation of phospholipases and protease, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and development of intra\u2010cellular free Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u00a0[Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> overloading to an elevation in diastolic [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>. Simultaneously, cardiac gene expression is activated leading to further molecular, structural and biochemical changes of the myocardium. The sub\u2010cellular remodeling may be intimately involved in the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. 2D\u2010 and 3D\u2010speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) have been used to quantify regional alterations of longitudinal strain and area strain, through their polar projection, which permits a further assessment of both sites and degrees of myocardial damage. The examination of strain can identify sub\u2010clinical cardiac dysfunction or cardiomyocyte remodeling. During remodeling of the myocardium cardiac strain is attenuated, therefore it is an indicator of disease assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T18:03:36Z","timestamp":1642097016000},"page":"302-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pre\u2010heart failure at 2D\u2010 and 3D\u2010speckle tracking echocardiography: A comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram B.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine\/Cardiology TsimTsoum Institute Krakow, Poland &amp; Halberg Hospital  Moradabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2153-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola B.","family":"Sozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Milan, IT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Fedacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine PJ Safaric University  Kosice Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krasimira","family":"Hristova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Cardiology National Heart Hospital  Sofia Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghizal","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of biotechnology Era's Medical College and Hospital  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine PJ Safaric University  Kosice Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germaine","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Halberg Chronobiology Center University of Minnesota Medical School  Minneapolis USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Isaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrian Isaza (PhD) Department of medicine Everglade University  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Pella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology East Slovak Institute of Medical Sciences  Kosice Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaipaul","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences University of Central Lancashire  Preston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Carugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Milan, IT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navin C.","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpt. of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease University of Alabama  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galal E. 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