{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:31:53Z","timestamp":1790487113888,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small\u2010conductance calcium\u2010activated potassium (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SK<\/jats:styled-content>) channels play an important role in atrial electrophysiology. Blocking <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SK<\/jats:styled-content> channels prolongs action potential (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content>) duration and attenuate electrical remodelling. The effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SK<\/jats:styled-content> blocking on the pulmonary vein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content>) and the sinoatrial node (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAN<\/jats:styled-content>) remain unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conventional microelectrodes were used to record the AP in SANs and in isolated rabbit PVs with and without denudation before and after treatment with apamin (1, 10\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nM<\/jats:styled-content>). Using the whole\u2010cell patch\u2010clamp technique, the SK current was investigated in isolated single PV and SAN myocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In nondenudated PVs (n\u00a0=\u00a06), apamin (1 and 10\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nM<\/jats:styled-content>) increased PV spontaneous activity (from 1\u00b78\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b72\u00a0Hz to 2\u00b74\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b72\u00a0Hz and 2\u00b73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b72 Hz, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b705) and increased the PV tension by 42\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014% and 37\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011%. Conversely, in denudated PVs (n\u00a0=\u00a06), apamin (1 and 10 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nM<\/jats:styled-content>) decreased spontaneous activity (from 2\u00b72\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b73 Hz to 1\u00b79\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b72\u00a0Hz and 1\u00b78\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b72\u00a0Hz, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b705) and prolonged AP duration without changing PV tensions. Additionally, apamin (1 and 10 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nM<\/jats:styled-content>) decreased spontaneous activity (from 2\u00b78\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b71\u00a0Hz to 2\u00b74\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b71\u00a0Hz, and 2\u00b74\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b71 Hz, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b705) and prolonged AP duration in SAN (n\u00a0=\u00a06). SAN myocytes had larger SK currents than did PV cardiomyocytes. Treatment with apamin (10\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nM<\/jats:styled-content>) resulted in a greater decrease (25\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08 vs. 20\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b705) in spontaneous activity in isolated single SAN (n\u00a0=\u00a017) vs. PV cardiomyocytes (n\u00a0=\u00a016).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small\u2010conductance calcium\u2010activated potassium channels play a key role in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAN<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content> spontaneous activity and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AP<\/jats:styled-content> morphology. Apamin may modulate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content> electrical activity with and without endothelium dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]],"date-time":"2013-06-13T13:33:30Z","timestamp":1371130410000},"page":"957-963","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Apamin modulates electrophysiological characteristics of the pulmonary vein and the Sinoatrial Node"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Wei\u2010Ta","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao\u2010Chang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Physiology National Defense Medical Center Taipei 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