{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:21:29Z","timestamp":1788870089137,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009142","name":"Cancer Care Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of chronic disease is projected to assume crisis proportions in most parts of the world by the middle of the century, focusing attention on the need for preventive interventions. We identify and review published research on primary prevention individual\u2010level interventions in current practice and describe and discuss the limitations of the current evidence. The report facilitates prioritizing a research agenda for potential interventions that might be investigated within cohort studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study is a rapid review. Computerized database searches (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ub\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ed and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) were performed in October 2012 to identify articles on primary prevention interventions that are directed at the individual level. Potentially, relevant\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      nternational\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      gency of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      esearch on\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ancer handbooks and monographs were also reviewed. The review includes articles reported in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      nglish on the efficacy or effectiveness of a preventive intervention in an adult population. It excludes articles on alcohol or tobacco smoking.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many chronic disease interventions directed at individuals report a protective effect in the short term and some evidence for the efficacy of chemoprevention in chronic disease prevention exists. Evidence these effects persist in the longer term is inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are currently only limited evidence\u2010based preventions for most chronic diseases, for which a summary is available in Table A1 (see Appendix B). Most individual\u2010level intervention research studies have been conducted using case\u2013control designs and some small, randomized studies. There are fewer impediments to lifestyle modifications when compared to prevention using chemoprevention and vaccination or other methods of prevention of persistent infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T12:10:22Z","timestamp":1404994222000},"page":"882-890","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effectiveness of individual\u2010focused interventions to prevent chronic disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Golfam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reed F.","family":"Beall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Population Health University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrick D.","family":"Ashbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Illawarra Medical Health Research Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Oncology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Intelligent Improvement Consultants, Inc. 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