{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:55:06Z","timestamp":1790553306212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adipokines bearing the potential to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content>) are promising candidates for the endocrine regulation of central nervous processes and of a postulated fat\u2010brain axis. Resistin and progranulin concentrations in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>) samples of patients undergoing neurological evaluation and spinal puncture were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 270 consecutive patients with various neurological diseases were collected without prior selection. Adipokine serum and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations were measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay and serum and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> routine parameters by standard procedures. Anthropometric data, medication and patient history were available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum levels of resistin and progranulin were positively correlated among each other, with respective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> levels, low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and markers of systemic inflammation. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> resistin concentrations were generally low. Progranulin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\/serum progranulin ratio were significantly higher in patients with infectious diseases, with disturbed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> function and with elevated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> cell count and presence of oligoclonal bands. Both adipokines are able to cross the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> depending on a differing patency that increases with increasing grade of barrier dysfunction. Whereas resistin represents a systemic marker of inflammation, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> progranulin levels strongly depend on the underlying disease and dysfunction of blood\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> barrier.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resistin and progranulin represent novel and putative regulators of the fat\u2010brain axis by their ability to cross the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The presented data provide insight into the characteristics of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content> function regarding progranulin and resistin and the basis for future establishment of normal values for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\/serum ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T14:52:40Z","timestamp":1446043960000},"page":"15-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Quantification and regulation of the adipokines resistin and progranulin in human cerebrospinal fluid"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Berghoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Giessen University Hospital Giessen 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