{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:29:45Z","timestamp":1771342185725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]],"date-time":"2016-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carnitine plays an essential role in fatty acid metabolism, exerts substantial antioxidant action and regulates immune functions. We hypothesized that a disturbed carnitine metabolism could be involved in progression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma levels of L\u2010carnitine, its precursors, and short\u2010, medium\u2010 and long\u2010chain acylcarnitines were analysed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPLC<\/jats:styled-content>\/mass spectrometry in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients with various disease severities including patients who acquired <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium complex<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAC<\/jats:styled-content>) infection. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, we examined the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010purified protein derivate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPD<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010induced release of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>s) from patients with either high or low plasma levels of acylcarnitines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma levels of the short\u2010chain (e.g. propionyl\u2010carnitine) and medium\u2010chain (e.g. octanoyl\u2010carnitine) acylcarnitines were reduced in patients with advanced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. These acylcarnitines gradually decreased in rapid progressors, while minimal changes were observed in the nonprogressors. Plasma levels of propionyl\u2010carnitine and octanoyl\u2010carnitine significantly increased during antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>). However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content> did not restore levels to those observed in healthy controls. Depletion of propionyl\u2010carnitine and octanoyl\u2010carnitine was observed prior to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAC<\/jats:styled-content> infection, and the release of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content> was decreased after stimulation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPD<\/jats:styled-content> in samples from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients with low levels of propionyl\u2010carnitine or octanoyl\u2010carnitine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest an association between disturbed acylcarnitine metabolism, immune dysregulation and disease progression in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients. Low levels of propionyl\u2010carnitine and octanoyl\u2010carnitine were associated with increased susceptibility to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAC<\/jats:styled-content> infection in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> patients with advanced disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T03:17:01Z","timestamp":1456456621000},"page":"408-417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Low levels of short\u2010 and medium\u2010chain acylcarnitines in HIV\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Waagsb\u00f8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research NTNU Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases St Olav's Hospital Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asbj\u00f8rn","family":"Svardal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thor","family":"Ueland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linn","family":"Landr\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Section of Dermatology Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olav","family":"\u00d8ktedalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Oslo University Hospital Ullev\u00e5l Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf K.","family":"Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Heart Disease Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trude H.","family":"Flo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research NTNU Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Aukrust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan K.","family":"Dam\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research NTNU Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases St Olav's Hospital Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70271-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03261931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18433\/J3JS4C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507705020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199202000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199405000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/15230860260196191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.10.3817.3817_3817_3824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200111090-00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199702000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1225625"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200106150-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/CH1N-YBNU-G3CU-JBXR"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979309066930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0254-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.091033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.12.023"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Feci.12609","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eci.12609","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T22:40:41Z","timestamp":1695508841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eci.12609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eci.12609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.12609","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2972","1365-2362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2972","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]}}}