{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:10:45Z","timestamp":1792440645396,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]],"date-time":"2016-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>) can be life threatening in patients with liver cirrhosis. In contrast to community\u2010acquired <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>, no standard treatment has been established for healthcare\u2010related and nosocomial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively collected healthcare\u2010related and nosocomial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> cases from March 2012 till February 2016 at the Department of Internal Medicine I of the University of Bonn and analysed the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the isolated bacteria. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> was diagnosed according to international guidelines. Ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and meropenem were used as reference substance for resistance to quinolones, third\u2010generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety\u2010two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> episodes in 86 patients were identified: 63 episodes (69%) were nosocomial. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> species, enterococci and streptococci were most frequently isolated. Frequencies of these microorganisms were comparable for healthcare\u2010related and nosocomial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> (14% vs. 11%, 14% vs. 8%, 14% vs. 5% and 10% vs. 6%, respectively). In general, antibiotic resistance was higher in isolates from nosocomial than from healthcare\u2010related <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content> (50% vs. 18% for quinolones, 30% vs. 11% for piperacillin\u2013tazobactam; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0\u00b705), but comparable concerning third\u2010generation cephalosporins (30% vs. 33%). All microorganisms were sensitive to carbapenems apart from nosocomial infections with <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3) and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1) due to intrinsic resistance or lack of microbiological efficacy, respectively. No multidrug\u2010resistant microorganisms were detected. Resistance to initial antibiotic treatment affected 30\u2010day survival negatively (18% vs. 68%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7002).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resistance to initial antibiotic treatment was associated with increased mortality. With resistance to cephalosporins being frequent, piperacillin\u2013tazobactam or carbapenems might be preferred as treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T18:55:16Z","timestamp":1479322516000},"page":"44-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Antibiotic resistance in healthcare\u2010related and nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I University of Bonn Bonn Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research partner site Bonn\u2010Cologne, Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Dieter","family":"Nischalke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal 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