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Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of <jats:italic>T.\u00a0spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection on hepatic synthesis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PON<\/jats:styled-content>1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wistar rats were infected with 2500 first\u2010stage larvae (L1) of <jats:italic>T.\u00a0spiralis<\/jats:italic>, and serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PON<\/jats:styled-content>1 and BuChE activities were evaluated. Hepatic expression levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PON<\/jats:styled-content>1, BuChE and various cytokines and chemokines [interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20101, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, tumour necrosis factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010\u03b1, monocyte chemoattractant protein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20101, macrophage inflammatory protein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIP<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20101\u03b1, and transforming growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010\u03b21] were evaluated for up to 9\u00a0weeks post\u2010infection (p.i.). The effect of these changes on the degree of hepatic apoptosis was also investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection in rats induced significant decreases in serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PON<\/jats:styled-content>1 activities from day 2 until week 7 p.i. and BuChE activity starting from day 4 until 2\u00a0weeks p.i. Moreover, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection increased serum pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 as well as chemokines <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21 during the enteral phase of the parasite life cycle. The anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 showed significant increases during the enteral phase for the former and the muscle phase for the latter. These were associated with hepatic inflammation and apoptosis. These events typically decreased hepatic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PON<\/jats:styled-content>1 and BuChE <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune responses mounted against <jats:italic>T.\u00a0spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection in rats were associated with hepatic inflammation and a subsequent decrease in serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PON<\/jats:styled-content>1 and BuChE activities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1484889942000},"page":"250-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Paraoxonase\u20101 activity is related to <i>Trichinella spiralis<\/i>\u2010induced hepatitis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Ayman Samir","family":"Farid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Benha University Moshtohor Toukh Qalyubia Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman Mohamed","family":"Fath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Mido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nariaki","family":"Nonaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"},{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Control University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Horii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"},{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Control University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01288.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(98)00084-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.21.2510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-350-3_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-92"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.0049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02352.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"787","article-title":"Immunity to Trichinella spiralis. 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