{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:20:32Z","timestamp":1785831632146,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is complex, and differences between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients and general population cannot be completely explained by the higher prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to analyse the association between inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> patients with low Framingham risk score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case\u2013control study. Setting: Outpatient Infectious Diseases clinic in a university hospital. Subjects: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u2010infected patients aged &gt;\u00a035\u00a0years receiving antiretroviral treatment with viral load &lt;\u00a050 copies\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content> and Framingham risk score &lt;\u00a010%. Exclusion criteria: inflammatory diseases; dyslipidaemia requiring statins; smoking &gt;\u00a05 cigarettes\/day; diabetes; hypertension; vascular diseases. Main outcome<jats:bold>:<\/jats:bold> subclinical atherosclerosis determined by ultrasonography: common carotid intima\u2010media thickness greater than 0\u00b78\u00a0mm or carotid plaque presence. Explanatory variables<jats:bold>:<\/jats:bold> ribosomal bacterial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rDNA<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sCD<\/jats:styled-content>14, interleukin\u20106 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106) and TNF\u2010\u03b1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010four patients were included, 75% male, mean age 42\u00a0years and mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ cells 657\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0215\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. Median Framingham risk score was 1% at 10\u00a0years (percentile 25\u201375: 0\u00b75\u20134%). Eighteen patients (21%) had subclinical atherosclerosis; the associated factors were older age (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7001), waist\u2013hip ratio (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b701), time from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b702), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rDNA<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b704) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b701). In multivariate analysis, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> for subclinical atherosclerosis was 7 (95% CI, 1.3\u201340, P\u00a0=\u00a00.02) and 9 (95% CI, 1.0\u201385, P\u00a0=\u00a00.04) for patients older than 44\u00a0years and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106\u00a0&gt;\u00a06\u00b76\u00a0pg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Well\u2010controlled <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> patients with low Framingham risk score have a high prevalence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, and the main risk factors are age and inflammation. These patients are not receiving primary prophylaxis for cardiovascular events according to current guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T02:16:43Z","timestamp":1498789003000},"page":"591-599","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Subclinical atherosclerosis in low Framingham risk HIV patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9142-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante ISABIAL \u2010 FISABIO Hospital General Universitario de Alicante Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Reus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n 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