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These daily oscillations do not occur solely in response to external stimuli but are also under the control of an intrinsic circadian clock.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched the PubMed database to identify studies describing the associations of clock genes with endocrine diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various human single nucleotide polymorphisms of brain and muscle ARNT\u2010like 1 (<jats:italic>BMAL1<\/jats:italic>) and Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (<jats:italic>CLOCK<\/jats:italic>) genes exhibited significant associations with type 2 diabetes mellitus. <jats:italic>ARNTL2<\/jats:italic> gene expression and upregulation of <jats:italic>BMAL1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PER1<\/jats:italic> were associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Thyroid hormones modulated <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic> expression in a tissue\u2010specific way, whereas <jats:italic>BMAL1<\/jats:italic> regulated the expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in specific tissues. Adrenal gland and adrenal adenoma expressed <jats:italic>PER1, PER2, CRY2, CLOCK<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>BMAL<\/jats:italic>1 genes. Adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotrophin was also affected by circadian oscillations. A significant correlation between the expression of propio\u2010melanocorticotrophin and <jats:italic>PER 2,<\/jats:italic> as well as between prolactin and <jats:italic>CLOCK,<\/jats:italic> was found in corticotroph and lactosomatotroph cells, respectively, in the pituitary. Clock genes and especially <jats:italic>BMAL1<\/jats:italic> showed an important role in fertility, whereas oestradiol and androgens exhibited tissue\u2010specific effects on clock gene expression. Metabolic disorders were also associated with circadian dysregulation according to studies in shift workers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clock genes are associated with various endocrine disorders through complex mechanisms. However, data on humans are scarce. Moreover, clock genes exhibit a tissue\u2010specific expression representing an additional level of regulation. Their specific role in endocrine disorders and their potential implications remain to be further clarified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T01:05:30Z","timestamp":1522026330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Clock genes alterations and endocrine disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Angelousi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology Endocrine Unit Laiko Hospital National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Kassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens 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