{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:54:30Z","timestamp":1782446070568,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3\/1\/2\/11\/14\u2010RCH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/1\/2\/11\/14\u2010RCH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oxidative stress is risk factor in progression of diabetes. It can increase cytokine production via several different mechanisms. Inflammation can affect gut neural apparatus that may lead to dysmotility which may exaggerate occurrence of bacterial overgrowth in intestine. Thus, a study was planned to understand the complex interplay of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, gut motility and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010five T1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> patients and 75 healthy controls were enrolled. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIBO<\/jats:styled-content>) and orocecal transit time (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>) were measured using noninvasive glucose and lactulose hydrogen breath tests, respectively. Plasma levels of interleukin\u20106 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106), tissue necrosis factor\u2010alfa (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1) and interleukin\u201010 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010) were measured in all subjects by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>. Oxidative stress and anti\u2010oxidant parameters were measured by standard methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of 75 T1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> patients, 36 were males with Mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> age 22.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.2\u00a0years, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 were significantly higher (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) in T1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> patients as compared to controls. Lipid peroxidation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPO<\/jats:styled-content>) was significantly increased (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001), while reduced glutathione (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content>) significantly decreased (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01), whereas superoxide dismutase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOD<\/jats:styled-content>) and catalase significantly higher (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) in T1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> patients as compared to controls. Positive correlation was observed between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPO<\/jats:styled-content> and negative correlation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content>. Further, there was positive correlation between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPO<\/jats:styled-content> and inflammatory cytokines (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 &amp; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCTT<\/jats:styled-content> was delayed and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIBO<\/jats:styled-content> significantly higher in patients as compared to controls. On comparison of T1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> based on duration of disease, effect of all parameters was more pronounced in disease duration \u22655\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study indicates that there is association between hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPO<\/jats:styled-content>), anti\u2010oxidants (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> SOD<\/jats:styled-content> and catalase), inflammatory cytokines, gut motility (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>), and small intestinal overgrowth in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. 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