{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:13:37Z","timestamp":1779358417975,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on biological and behavioural diversity sex and gender may affect comorbidities associated with prediabetes and diabetes. Besides evaluating the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes (using fasting plasma glucose and HbA1<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> levels), the primary aim of the study is to investigate sex and gender differences in the prevalence of comorbidities in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes and to identify possible risk factors associated with prediabetes and diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This observational, population\u2010based cohort study included 11.014 subjects aged 6\u201080\u00a0years. Examinations included blood samples, ankle\u2010brachial index, ECG, dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry scan and an interviewer\u2010administered questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across all ages, prevalence of prediabetes was 20.2% (male 23.6%; female 17.1%), and 5.4% for diabetes (male 7.3%; female 3.7%). The prevalence of prediabetes ranged from 4.4% (6\u2010&lt;10\u00a0years) up to 40.4% (70+ years) in men and from 4.8% up to 42.3% in women. Comorbidity profile was markedly different between male and female, particularly in those with prediabetes: women more often suffered from arrhythmia, noncoronary artery disease, osteoporosis, increased systemic inflammatory biomarkers and depression, while men with prediabetes more often showed angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and media sclerosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The unexpected 4.6% prevalence of prediabetes in children aged 6\u201010 underscores the need for population\u2010based studies across all ages and the onset of prevention of diabetes at a young age. Marked differences have been found in comorbidities as men with prediabetes and diabetes more often suffer from cardiovascular disease, while women more often show arrhythmia, noncoronary artery disease, increased systemic inflammatory biomarkers and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T01:25:46Z","timestamp":1580347546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Marked differences in prediabetes\u2010 and diabetes\u2010associated comorbidities between men and women\u2014Epidemiological results from a general population\u2010based cohort aged 6\u201080\u00a0years\u2014The LEAD (Lung, hEart, sociAl, boDy) study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2086-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie\u2010Kathrin","family":"Breyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology Otto Wagner Hospital Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Ofenheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sigmund Freud University Medical School and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Altziebler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Landsteiner University Human Medicine and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Hartl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology Otto Wagner Hospital Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Sigmund Freud University Medical School and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Otto C.","family":"Burghuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sigmund Freud University Medical School and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Studnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Purin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivit\u2010Institute Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch Feldkirch Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Heinzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivit\u2010Institute Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch Feldkirch Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Drexel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivit\u2010Institute Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch Feldkirch Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frits M. 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