{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:01:18Z","timestamp":1790611278366,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A20352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extensive observational evidence put forward the association between psychiatric disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, causal relationships between these two diseases required further research. Thus, we evaluated the bidirection casual effect between five psychiatric disorders and T2DM using two\u2010sample mendelian randomization (MR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>By selecting single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with T2DM and five psychiatric disorders (attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, anxiety disorder and panic disorder), a bidirectional two\u2010sample MR was applied to evaluate causality between these diseases. The inverse\u2010variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysing approach for estimating possible causal effects. MR\u2010Egger and weighted median were also conducted to verify the results. The funnel plot, Cochran's Q test and MR\u2010Egger intercept test were used for sensitivity analyses. In addition, potential mediators were investigated by risk factor analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic susceptibilities of ADHD and MDD would increase the risk of T2DM (ADHD: OR\u00a0=\u00a01.14, 95%CI 1.08\u20131.20; ; MDD: OR\u00a0=\u00a01.22, 95%CI 1.09\u20131.36; ). In addition, genetic predisposition to T2DM was also associated with ADHD (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.09, 95%CI 1.04\u20131.14; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.0004). Several risk factors of T2DM were implicated in the above causal associations, including smoking, high body mass index, waist\u2010to\u2010hip ratio and elevated serum triglycerides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our studies indicated a causal effect of ADHD and MDD on increasing the risk of T2DM, which was potentially mediated by smoking and obesity\u2010related phenotypes. Meanwhile, we found a causal effect of T2DM on ADHD. Thus, prevention strategies for T2DM should also include mental health and vice versa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T07:54:50Z","timestamp":1666166090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Psychiatric disorders and Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A\u00a0bidirectional Mendelian randomization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6915-3038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoran","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat\u2010Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Guangzhou key laboratory for Metabolic Diseases  Guangzhou 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