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We performed a comprehensive analysis of expression of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) genes in heart failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myocardial samples were obtained from patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy in a terminal stage of heart failure and donors without heart disease. Using quantitative real\u2010time PCR, we analysed a total of 45 MQC genes belonging to mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion\u2010fission balance, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) and mitophagy. Protein expression was analysed by ELISA and immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The following genes were downregulated in ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy: <jats:italic>COX1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NRF1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TFAM<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>SIRT1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MTOR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MFF<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>DNM1L<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>DDIT3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>UBL5<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>HSPA9<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>HSPE1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>YME1L<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>LONP1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>SPG7<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>HTRA2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>OMA1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TIMM23<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TIMM17A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TIMM17B<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TIMM44<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PAM16<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TIMM22<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TIMM9<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TIMM10<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PINK1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PARK2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ROTH1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PARL<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FUNDC1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>BNIP3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>BNIP3L<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TPCN2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>LAMP2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MAP1LC3A<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>BECN1<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, <jats:italic>MT<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>ATP8<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MFN2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>EIF2AK4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ULK1<\/jats:italic> were downregulated in heart failure from dilated, but not ischemic cardiomyopathy. <jats:italic>VDAC1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>JUN<\/jats:italic> were only genes that exhibited significantly different expression between ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy. Expression of <jats:italic>PPARGC1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>OPA1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>JUN<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CEBPB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>EIF2A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>HSPD1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TIMM50<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TPCN1<\/jats:italic> was not significantly different between control and any form of heart failure. TOMM20 and COX proteins were downregulated in ICM and DCM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heart failure in patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with downregulation of large number of UPRmt, mitophagy, TIM and fusion\u2010fission balance genes. This indicates multiple defects in MQC and represents one of potential mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with heart failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T04:59:53Z","timestamp":1688533193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Heart failure in patients is associated with downregulation of mitochondrial quality control genes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Svagusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases Dubrava Clinical Hospital Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sikiric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb 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