{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:13:38Z","timestamp":1790108018250,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR16C0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR16C0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seasonal variation and sunlight exposure can impact serum vitamin D levels, potentially influencing lupus symptoms. We investigated seasonal vitamin D levels and their correlation with clinical manifestations and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum 25(OH) vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels were categorised as deficient (25(OH)D3\u2009&lt;\u200910\u2009ng\/mL), insufficient (10\u201330\u2009ng\/mL) and sufficiency (&gt;30\u2009ng\/mL) in participants analysed in winter (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009407) and summer (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009377). Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of vitamin D levels on achieving a lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS), stratified by season.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean serum 25(OH)D3 levels differed significantly between the winter and summer measurement groups (22.4 vs. 24.2\u2009ng\/mL; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.018). The prevalences of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency in the winter group were 12.8%, 66.6% and 20.6%, respectively, compared with 4.5%, 67.9% and 27.6% in the summer group. Achieving LLDAS was highest in the vitamin D sufficiency group (winter: 56.6%, summer: 55%) and lowest in the vitamin D deficiency group (winter: 15.4%, summer: 13.6%), with significant differences (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Multivariate analysis identified SLE disease activity index \u22644, normal anti\u2010double\u2010stranded DNA and vitamin D sufficiency as significant factors for achieving LLDAS in both seasons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sufficient vitamin D levels are important for achieving LLDAS in patients with SLE during winter and summer. Therefore, physicians should pay attention to the adequacy of vitamin D levels and consider recommending vitamin D supplementation for patients with vitamin D insufficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T16:39:58Z","timestamp":1695141598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seasonal vitamin D levels and lupus low disease activity state in systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ji\u2010Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology Ajou University School of Medicine  Suwon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wook\u2010Young","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology Ajou University School of Medicine  Suwon 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