{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T19:56:01Z","timestamp":1787601361971,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA213129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA213129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common type of childhood leukaemia with effective chemotherapeutic treatment. However, obesity has been associated with higher ALL chemoresistance rates and lower event\u2010free survival rates. The molecular mechanism of how obesity promotes chemotherapy resistance is not well delineated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluated the effect of adipocyte maturation on sequestration and metabolism of chemotherapeutic drug daunorubicin (DNR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using targeted LC\u2010MS\/MS multi\u2010analyte assay, DNR sequestration and metabolism were studied in human preadipocyte and adipocyte cell lines, where expressions of DNR\u2010metabolizing enzymes aldo\u2010keto reductases (AKR) and carbonyl reductases (CBR) were also evaluated. In addition, to identify the most DNR\u2010metabolizing AKR\/CBR isoforms, recombinant human AKR and CBR enzymes were subject to DNR metabolism. The results were further validated by AKR\u2010, CBR\u2010specific inhibitors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This report shows that adipocyte maturation upregulates expressions of AKR and CBR enzymes (by 4\u2010 to 60\u2010 folds, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), which is positively associated with enhanced sequestration and metabolism of DNR in adipocytes compared to preadipocytes (by ~30%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). In particular, adipocyte maturation upregulates AKR1C3 and CBR1, which are the predominate metabolic enzyme isoforms responsible for DNR biotransformation to its metabolites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fat is an expandable tissue that can sequester and detoxify DNR when stimulated by obesity, likely through the upregulation of DNR\u2010metabolizing enzymes AKR1C3 and CBR1. Our data partially explains why obese ALL patients may be more likely to become chemoresistant towards DNR, and provides evidence for potential clinical investigation targeting obesity to reduce DNR chemoresistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T13:59:24Z","timestamp":1725976764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adipocyte maturation impacts daunorubicin disposition and metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0320-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Southern California  Los Angeles California 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