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ERC was defined as rhythm control treatment within 2\u2009years of AF diagnosis, and HLS as having at least two healthy lifestyle behaviours (quitting smoking\/abstaining from alcohol\/regular exercise). Patients were grouped into: without ERC and HLS (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200928,809); HLS alone (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200941,827); ERC alone (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910,962); and both ERC and HLS (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916,594). The primary outcome was MACEs, and the secondary outcomes included ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure hospitalisation and all\u2010cause death. Multivariable Cox regression analysis assessed HR for MACEs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 98,192 patients were analysed (mean age, 53.3\u2009\u00b1\u20099.0\u2009years; 35.2% females; mean CHA\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      DS\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010VASc score, 1.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3). The ERC and HLS groups were significantly associated with a lower risk of MACEs (ERC: HR .765; 95% CI .722\u2013.810,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001 and HLS: HR .813, 95% CI .770\u2013.860,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) compared to those without ERC and HLS; both the ERC and HLS groups were associated with the lowest risk of MACEs (HR .616, 95% CI .569\u2013.666,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Similar trends were observed for ischaemic stroke among secondary outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ERC and HLS were individually and synergistically associated with a significantly lower risk of MACEs in young AF patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T06:12:29Z","timestamp":1741759949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cardiovascular benefits of early rhythm control and healthy lifestyle in young atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Kyung\u2010Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So\u2010Ryoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0411-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eue\u2010Keun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JungMin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo\u2010Jeong","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soonil","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Boramae Medical Center Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung\u2010Do","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics and Actuarial Science Soongsil University  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seil","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory Y. 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