{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:36:39Z","timestamp":1780403799168,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular expression of meningiomas has become increasingly important for predicting their biological behaviour. However, the factors influencing tumour recurrence and progression after surgery remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that programmed death\u2010ligand 1 (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L1<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) could be a key predictive and therapeutic factor in these tumours.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This single\u2010center retrospective study included 96 patients who underwent Simpson Grade I resection of intracranial meningiomas between 2001 and 2022.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L1<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      expression was assessed immunohistochemically (clone\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP142<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and categorized as overall (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), membranous (mb), granular cytoplasmic (gr) and perinuclear dot\u2010like. Associations with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      grade, recurrence, mitotic count and Ki\u201067 index were analysed using univariate and multivariate statistics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      118 samples were analysed. Grade 2 meningiomas showed significantly higher mitotic count (4.0\u2009\u00b1\u20095.5 vs. 1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0 n\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and Ki\u201067 index (7.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1% vs. 3.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) than Grade 1.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L1 OE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (2.0\u2009\u00b1\u20095.0% vs. .0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), gr (1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5% vs. .0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and mb (1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0% vs. .0\u2009\u00b1\u2009.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.003) expressions were also higher in Grade 2. At recurrence, Grade 1 tumours progressing to Grade 2 showed increased\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L1 OE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.025), gr (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.024) and mb (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.037). Multivariate analysis confirmed\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L1<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      gr and mb as independent markers of high\u2010grade tumours.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Granular cytoplasmic and membranous\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L1<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      expression patterns are significantly associated with tumour grade, recurrence and progression, suggesting their potential role as prognostic biomarkers in meningiomas.\n                    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