{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:30:38Z","timestamp":1790199038710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KLI 1188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLI 1188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post\u2010pandemic years are characterized by widespread previous population immunization against COVID\u201019. Whether and for whom COVID\u201019 vaccinations are still justified is unclear. We use nationwide estimates of IFR and literature\u2010derived estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) to calculate numbers needed to vaccinate to prevent one COVID\u201019 death (NNV) and for one life\u2010year saved (LYS) in Austria in 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective analysis, we calculate SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 IFR during 2024 in Austria according to previously published wastewater\u2010based infection estimates and available mortality data. Using literature\u2010derived VE estimates, we calculate NNV to prevent one COVID\u201019 death and for one LYS in strata according to age groups, nursing home residency and vaccination in 2024. We repeat analyses with sensitivity range values of parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2024, total IFR was .048%. NNV (LYS) in the age groups 0\u201319, 20\u201339, 40\u201359, 60\u201374 and 75\u201384\u2009years was very high: i.e. 5,497,526 (151,570), 2,432,498 (92,614), 415,714 (24,777), 35,925 (3748) and 4882 (1009), respectively, in community dwellers. In the 85+ years age group, IFRs of unvaccinated\/vaccinated were .91%\/.77% for community dwellers and 1.22%\/1.04% for nursing home residents. The 85+ year age group had NNV estimates of 1215 and 907 (LYS: 525 and 1896) in community dwellers and nursing home residents, respectively. Sensitivity analyses yielded LYS\u2009&lt;\u20091000 only under some favourable assumptions in the 75\u201384 and 85+ years old age strata.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2024 in Austria, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 IFR was low and NNV and LYS of COVID\u201019 vaccinations correspondingly non\u2010favorably high, even for very old individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T08:50:46Z","timestamp":1761382246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nationwide estimates of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection fatality rates and numbers needed to vaccinate for COVID\u201019 vaccines in 2024 in Austria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Riedmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sprenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3118-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P. A.","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Meta\u2010Research Innovation Center at Stanford Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7959-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2025.2223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00801-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Vaccination mod influenza og Covid\u201019. Accessed June 30 2025.http:\/\/www.sst.dk\/da\/Vaccination"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Arbeit Soziales Gesundheit Pflege und Konsumentenschutz.Impfplan \u00d6sterreich. Accessed June 30 2025.https:\/\/www.sozialministerium.gv.at\/Themen\/Gesundheit\/Impfen\/Impfplan\u2010\u00d6sterreich.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"CDC.Infection Control Guidance: SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. COVID\u201019.2025Accessed June 5 2025.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/covid\/hcp\/infection\u2010control\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2206573"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02465-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7304a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7312a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.17402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.103690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13906"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2506929"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Smart Health Choices: Making Sense of Health Advice","author":"Irwig L","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110856"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RiedmannU RauchW SchenkH OberacherH IoannidisJP PilzS.Number of Austrian SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infections in the 2024\/2025 season: analysis of national wastewater data. Public Health. 2025 Oct 2:248:105970. doi:10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105970. Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00911-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"Betreuungs\u2010 und Pflegedienste.STATISTIK AUSTRIA. Accessed May 15 2025.https:\/\/www.statistik.at\/statistiken\/bevoelkerung\u2010und\u2010soziales\/sozialleistungen\/betreuungs\u2010und\u2010pflegedienste"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Impfdaten\u2010Dashboard. Accessed June 3 2025.https:\/\/www.impfdaten.at\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"Life tables.STATISTICS AUSTRIA. Accessed June 4 2025.https:\/\/www.statistik.at\/en\/statistics\/population\u2010and\u2010society\/population\/demographic\u2010indicators\u2010and\u2010tables\/life\u2010tables"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"Todesursachen.STATISTIK AUSTRIA. Accessed June 30 2025.https:\/\/www.statistik.at\/statistiken\/bevoelkerung\u2010und\u2010soziales\/bevoelkerung\/gestorbene\/todesursachen"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"CDC.Cases Data and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 11 2020. Accessed July 16 2025.https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/www_cdc_gov\/coronavirus\/2019\u2010ncov\/covid\u2010data\/investigations\u2010discovery\/hospitalization\u2010death\u2010by\u2010age.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07222-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.https:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","unstructured":"CDC.COVID Data Tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2020Accessed June 5 2025.https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid\u2010data\u2010tracker"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"Population at beginning of year\/quarter.STATISTICS AUSTRIA. Accessed April 22 2025.https:\/\/www.statistik.at\/en\/statistics\/population\u2010and\u2010society\/population\/population\u2010stock\/population\u2010at\u2010beginning\u2010of\u2010year\/quarter"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.19160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology30020016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.06004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2023.100530"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","unstructured":"Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome \u2010 Hematology.org. Accessed June 5 2025.https:\/\/www.hematology.org\/covid\u201019\/vaccine\u2010induced\u2010immune\u2010thrombotic\u2010thrombocytopenia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2025.100660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"JCVI statement on COVID\u201019 vaccination in 2025 and spring 2026. GOV.UK. Accessed August 19 2025.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid\u201019\u2010vaccination\u2010in\u20102025\u2010and\u2010spring\u20102026\u2010jcvi\u2010advice\/jcvi\u2010statement\u2010on\u2010covid\u201019\u2010vaccination\u2010in\u20102025\u2010and\u2010spring\u20102026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"ProsserLA.Economic analysis of an additional dose of the 2024\u20132025 COVID\u201019 vaccine. Presented at: advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) meeting.2024https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/acip\/downloads\/slides\u20102024\u201010\u201023\u201024\/05\u2010COVID\u2010Prosser\u2010508.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98834-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RiedmannU LevittM PilzS IoannidisJP.Post\u2010pandemic mortality patterns and COVID\u201019 burden considering multiple death causes. medRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2025.09.01.25334892","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.01.25334892"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eci.70135","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/eci.70135","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eci.70135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:25:28Z","timestamp":1772990728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eci.70135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eci.70135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.70135","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-2972","1365-2362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2972","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70135"}}