{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:31:40Z","timestamp":1789140700478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epilepsy is a common neurological disease that heavily impacts children and adolescents and carries serious physical, cognitive, psychological, social and economic consequences for patients and their caregivers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data was obtained via the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. We reported numbers, rates and percentage changes of prevalence, mortality and disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALYs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, there were 18.15 million [95% UI: 14.61\u201321.85] prevalent cases of epilepsy in children and adolescents worldwide, 8.24 million [5.77\u201311.13] of which were idiopathic epilepsy and 9.91 million [8.72\u201311.06] of which were secondary epilepsy. While mortality and DALY rates of idiopathic epilepsy declined between 1990 and 2021, the burden of secondary epilepsy remained substantial and, in some cases, increased\u2014particularly in low\u2010SDI regions. The prevalence rate of secondary epilepsy increased by 16.14% [4.28\u201329.24], driven by increases in epilepsy attributable to neonatal encephalopathy (82.02%), neonatal jaundice (18.45%) and malaria (77.03%). There were notable geographic variations in the burden of epilepsy, with the burden generally concentrated in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While efforts to reduce premature mortality of epilepsy have been successful, the burden on children and adolescents living with epilepsy is still significant. A healthcare gap remains for vulnerable populations with increased risk of infectious diseases, perinatal insults, poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare. Global and national action is needed to improve access to specialist care and medication, manage comorbidities, address stigma and discrimination and strengthen primary prevention initiatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:00:16Z","timestamp":1762506016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Global, regional and national burden of epilepsy in children and adolescents, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9882-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Seo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Yonsei University  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Seo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Disease Initiative Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seoyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health, Performance, and Wellbeing Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Radua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical\u2010Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Imaging of Mood\u2010 and Anxiety\u2010Related Disorders (IMARD) Group Institut d'Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Soyeon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Engagement &amp; Empowerment Yonsei University  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania I.","family":"Papatheodorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Rutgers School of Public Health  New Brunswick New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. 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