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This study aimed to determine whether patients with PD have a higher prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection than controls through an updated systematic review and meta\u2010analysis and to explore heterogeneity through subgroup analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive literature search of relevant studies published till October 2024 was performed using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. Studies examining the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in patients with PD were included. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and pooled prevalence rates were calculated. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on geographical region,\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      detection methods and exclusion of individuals with prior eradication therapy. Sensitivity analyses and publication bias assessments were also performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010three studies involving 7205 patients with PD and 41,937 controls were included in meta\u2010analysis. Among studies reporting prevalence, the pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in patients with PD was 39.0% (95% CI 26.5%\u201353.1%). In 13 studies comparing the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection between patients with PD and controls,\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was found to be associated with PD (OR 1.328, 95% CI 1.165\u20131.514). Subgroup analyses showed consistent results and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings. Furthermore, no publication bias was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with PD exhibit a higher prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection than controls. These findings support a potential role of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in PD pathogenesis, although causality cannot be established.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:26:09Z","timestamp":1768292769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    infection and Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4908-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Seok","family":"Bang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Hallym University College of Medicine  Chuncheon 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