{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:52:38Z","timestamp":1791028358117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Investigation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delirium may occur in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but this may be a marker for subsequent cognitive decline post\u2010TBI. We aimed to compare cognitive outcomes and all\u2010cause mortality between TBI patients with and without delirium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX global federated research network. We compared TBI patients who developed delirium within 14\u2009days of TBI diagnosis with those who did not. The primary outcome was the 2\u2010year composite risk of dementia, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Secondary outcomes included dementia, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease and all\u2010cause mortality. Pre\u2010specified subgroup analyses were performed in female patients, older adults (\u2265\u200975\u2009years), and individuals with substance use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TBI patients with delirium (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092564; mean age, 66.6\u2009\u00b1\u200919.4\u2009years; 59.4% male), when compared with TBI patients without delirium (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009667,950; mean age, 48.0\u2009\u00b1\u200925.1\u2009years; 60.3% male), had more baseline comorbidities, including psychiatric disease, cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease. After propensity score matching, TBI patients with delirium, compared with those without delirium, had a higher 2\u2010year risk of the primary composite outcome (HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.84\u20133.31), as well as dementia (HR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.92\u20133.60), vascular dementia (HR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.45\u20135.24) and Alzheimer's disease (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.21\u20134.09).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delirium following TBI is associated with an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Delirium post\u2010TBI may be a marker or a contributing factor to long\u2010term cognitive decline in TBI patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:55:36Z","timestamp":1791024936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Delirium in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury and Long\u2010Term Cognitive Decline: A Global Federated Real World Data Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6877-7151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirreza","family":"Sabahizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Askarinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8056-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koohyar","family":"Ahmadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Reza","family":"Mirjalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4298-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khashayar","family":"Farshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2568-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandra","family":"Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Department of Life, Health &amp; Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila  L'Aquila Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and Nephrology Division, ASL1 Avezzano\u2010Sulmona\u2010L'Aquila San Salvatore Hospital  L'Aquila Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7655-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Programme University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhys","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory Y. H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Lipidology and Internal Medicine Medical University of Bialystok  Bialystok Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1090672","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Visual Sequelae","volume":"17","author":"Rauchman S. 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I.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury, 1990\u20132016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Injury G","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30279-X","article-title":"The Chronic and Evolving Neurological Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"16","author":"Wilson L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253206","article-title":"A Meta\u2010Analysis of Cohort Studies: Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"16","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0041","article-title":"Systematic Review, Meta\u2010Analysis, and Population Attributable Risk of Dementia Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury in Civilians and Veterans","volume":"40","author":"Gardner R. 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C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e077634","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077634","article-title":"Delirium and Incident Dementia in Hospital Patients in New South Wales, Australia: Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"384","author":"Gordon E. H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2249950","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950","article-title":"Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Ormseth C. 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