{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T01:34:31Z","timestamp":1769045671483,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]],"date-time":"2015-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005326","name":"Yale University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W.R. Coe Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W.R. Coe Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1122492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1122492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolution and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Feathers are an evolutionary novelty found in all extant birds. Despite recent progress investigating feather development and a revolution in dinosaur paleontology, the relationship of feathers to other amniote skin appendages, particularly reptile scales, remains unclear. Disagreement arises primarily from the observation that feathers and avian scutate scales exhibit an anatomical placode\u2014defined as an epidermal thickening\u2014in early development, whereas alligator and other avian scales do not. To investigate the homology of feathers and archosaur scales we examined patterns of nuclear \u03b2\u2010catenin localization during early development of feathers and different bird and alligator scales. In birds, nuclear \u03b2\u2010catenin is first localized to the feather placode, and then exhibits a dynamic pattern of localization in both epidermis and dermis of the feather bud. We found that asymmetric avian scutate scales and alligator scales share similar patterns of nuclear \u03b2\u2010catenin localization with feathers. This supports the hypothesis that feathers, scutate scales, and alligator scales are homologous during early developmental stages, and are derived from early developmental stages of an asymmetric scale present in the archosaur ancestor. Furthermore, given that the earliest stage of \u03b2\u2010catenin localization in feathers and archosaur scales is also found in placodes of several mammalian skin appendages, including hair and mammary glands, we hypothesize that a common skin appendage placode originated in the common ancestor of all amniotes. We suggest a skin placode should not be defined by anatomical features, but as a local, organized molecular signaling center from which an epidermal appendage develops.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]],"date-time":"2015-05-12T09:10:03Z","timestamp":1431421803000},"page":"185-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Nuclear \u03b2\u2010catenin localization supports homology of feathers, avian scutate scales, and alligator scales in early development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Musser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University 21 Sachem St New Haven CT 06511 USA"},{"name":"Systems Biology Institute Yale University 840 West Campus Drive West Haven CT 06516 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter P.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University 21 Sachem St New Haven CT 06511 USA"},{"name":"Systems Biology Institute Yale University 840 West Campus Drive West Haven CT 06516 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard O.","family":"Prum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University 21 Sachem St New Haven CT 06511 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(19960616)61:4<514::AID-JCB4>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"713","article-title":"Scale morphogenesis during embryonic development in the lizard Anolis lineatopus","volume":"188","author":"Alibardi L","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Cells of embryonic and regenerating germinal layers within barb ridges: implication for the development, evolution and diversification of feathers","volume":"38","author":"Alibardi L","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-6395.2000.00063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2416"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"631","article-title":"Evolving a protofeather and feather diversity","volume":"40","author":"Brush A. 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