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This is thought to result in stronger morphological integration (i.e., higher co\u2010variance) within the marsupial forelimb skeleton, and lower integration between marsupial fore\u2010 and hind limbs, compared to other mammals. Possible mechanisms for this constraint are a fundamental developmental change in marsupial limb patterning, or alternatively more immediate perinatal biomechanical and metabolic requirements. In the latter case, peramelid marsupials (bandicoots), which have neonates that climb very little, should show lower within\u2010limb and higher between\u2010limb integration, compared to other marsupials. We tested this in four peramelid species and the related bilby, using partial correlation analyses of between\u2010landmark linear measurements of limb bones, and Procrustes\u2010based two\u2010block partial least\u2010squares analysis (2B\u2010PLS) of limb bone shapes using the same landmarks. We find extensive between\u2010limb integration in partial correlation analyses of only bone lengths, consistent with a reduction of a short\u2010term biomechanical\/allocation constraint in peramelid forelimbs. However, partial correlations of bone proportions and 2B\u2010PLS reveal extensive shape divergence between correlated bone pairs. This result contradicts expectations of developmental constraints or serial homology, instead suggesting a function\u2010driven integration pattern. Comparing visualizations from cross\u2010species principal components analysis and 2B\u2010PLS, we tentatively identify selection for digging and half\u2010bounding as the main driver of bandicoot limb integration patterning. This calls for further assessments of functional versus developmental limb integration in marsupials with a more strenuous neonatal climb to the pouch.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T06:28:52Z","timestamp":1487744932000},"page":"69-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Out on a limb: bandicoot limb co\u2010variation suggests complex impacts of development and adaptation on marsupial forelimb evolution"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Garland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD,  4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Marcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD,  4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Sherratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Weisbecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD,  4072 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2010.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1998.tb01298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572007000300027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO09102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Le\u00e7ons d'Anatomie Compar\u00e9e","author":"Cuvier G.","year":"1800"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2012.00247.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22919"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343.5","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.29.1_supplement.343.5","article-title":"The end of an old dogma with crucial implications for medical and biology students and for medicine: regenerative, developmental, paleontological and evolutionary studies contradict the fore\u2010hindlimb serial homology","volume":"29","author":"Diogo R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.9.1315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2013.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(02)00016-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1991.tb01825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/S1089332600001881","article-title":"Methods for studying morphological integration and modularity","volume":"16","author":"Goswami A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paleo. 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