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Their similar expression patterns have been used as an argument for homology of heads, brains, segmentation, and ciliated larvae. We investigated the developmental expression of <jats:italic>six3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>otx<\/jats:italic> in the aplacophoran mollusk <jats:italic>Wirenia argentea<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Six3<\/jats:italic> is expressed in subepithelial cells delimiting the apical organ of the solenogaster pericalymma larva. <jats:italic>Otx<\/jats:italic> is expressed in cells of the prototroch and adjacent regions as well as in posterior extensions of the prototrochal expression domain. Advanced larvae also show pretrochal <jats:italic>otx<\/jats:italic> expression in the developing CNS. Comparative analysis of <jats:italic>six3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>otx<\/jats:italic> expression in bilaterians argues for an ancestral function in anterior\u2010posterior body axis patterning but, due to its presence in animals lacking a head and\/or a brain, not necessarily for the presence of these morphological structures in the last common ancestor (LCA) of bilaterians. Likewise, the hypothesis that the posterior border of <jats:italic>otx<\/jats:italic> expression corresponds to the border between the unsegmented head and the segmented trunk of the LCA of protostomes is not supported, since <jats:italic>otx<\/jats:italic> is extensively expressed in the trunk in <jats:italic>W. argentea<\/jats:italic> and numerous other protostomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T21:30:20Z","timestamp":1513459820000},"page":"17-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Expression of <i>six3<\/i> and <i>otx<\/i> in Solenogastres (Mollusca) supports an ancestral role in bilaterian anterior\u2010posterior axis patterning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Redl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maik","family":"Scherholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Wollesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Todt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Natural History Collections University of Bergen University Museum Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Wanninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35051075"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-007-0150-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.14.2781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)88977-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-9139-5-39"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-006-0074-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1998.8968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gep.2012.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2006.00134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-013-0442-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(94)90033-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1995.1046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1883"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2001.00895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00279-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13227-015-0021-7","article-title":"Expression of hox, cdx, and six3\/6 genes in the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis offers insight into the evolution of maximally indirect development in the phylum Nemertea","volume":"6","author":"Hiebert L. 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