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Only in placental mammals will the atrial septum form by the coming\u2010together of the <jats:italic>septum primum<\/jats:italic> and the <jats:italic>septum secundum<\/jats:italic>. In up to one of four placental mammals, this complex morphogenesis is incomplete and yields patent foramen ovale. The incidence of incomplete atrial septum is unknown for groups with the <jats:italic>septum primum<\/jats:italic> only, such as birds and reptiles. We found a low incidence of incomplete atrial septum in 11 species of bird (0% of specimens) and 13 species of reptiles (3% of specimens). In reptiles, there was a trabecular interface between the atrial septum and the atrial epicardium which was without a clear boundary between left and right atrial cavities. In developing reptiles (four squamates and one crocodylian), the <jats:italic>septum primum<\/jats:italic> initiated as a sheet that acquired perforations and the trabecular interface developed late. We conclude that atrial septation from the <jats:italic>septum primum<\/jats:italic> only results in a low incidence of incompleteness. In reptiles, the atrial septum and atrial wall develop a trabecular interface, but previous studies on atrial hemodynamics suggest this interface has a very limited capacity for shunting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T17:49:56Z","timestamp":1570643396000},"page":"241-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low incidence of atrial septal defects in nonmammalian vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7750-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjarke","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Gregorovicova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, First Medical Faculty, Czech Academy of Sciences Charles University and Institute of Physiology  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sedmera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, First Medical Faculty, Czech Academy of Sciences Charles University and Institute of Physiology  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent M","family":"Christoffels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2012.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_7_1","first-page":"215","volume-title":"In Comprehensive Physiology","author":"Burggren W.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.96.1.343","article-title":"Ventricular hemodynamics in the monitor lizard Varanus exanthematicus: Pulmonary and systemic pressure separation","volume":"96","author":"Burggren W. 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