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The comparative development of the tympanic middle ear in toads is poorly understood. Here, we compared middle ear development among two pairs of closely related toad species in the genera <jats:italic>Atelopus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rhinella<\/jats:italic> that have (eared) or lack (earless) middle ear structures. We bred toads in Peru and Ecuador, preserved developmental series from tadpoles to juveniles, and examined ontogenetic timing and volume of the otic capsule, oval window, operculum, opercularis muscle, columella (stapes), and extracolumella in three\u2010dimensional histological reconstructions. All species had similar ontogenesis of the otic capsule, oval window, operculum, and opercularis muscle. Moreover, cell clusters of primordial columella in the oval window appeared just before metamorphosis in both eared and earless lineages. However, in earless lineages, the cell clusters either remained as small nubbins or cell buds in the location of the columella footplate within the oval window or disappeared by juvenile and adult stages. Thus, columella growth began around metamorphosis in all species but was truncated and\/or degenerated after metamorphosis in earless species, leaving earless adults with morphology typical of metamorphic anurans. Shifts in the timing or expression of biochemical pathways that regulate the extension or differentiation of the columella after metamorphosis may be the developmental mechanism underlying convergent trait loss among toad lineages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T14:53:48Z","timestamp":1603810428000},"page":"5-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Whispers from vestigial nubbins: Arrested development provokes trait loss in toads"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9132-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Stynoski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"},{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado Universidad de Costa Rica  Coronado Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly C.","family":"Womack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florencia A.","family":"Trama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Entomolog\u00eda y Medio Ambiente Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola  Lima Peru"},{"name":"Centro de Capacitaci\u00f3n en Conservaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Sostenible (CDS\/CNEH\u2010Per\u00fa)  Oxapampa Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Coloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Jambatu de Investigaci\u00f3n y Conservaci\u00f3n de Anfibios, Fundaci\u00f3n Jambatu  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim L.","family":"Hoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300006588"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A remarkable case of external hind limbs in a humpback whale","volume":"9","author":"Andrews R. 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