{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:31:44Z","timestamp":1753878704817,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23\u201024\u201000193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\u201024\u201000193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evolution and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Orthonectida is an enigmatic group of animals with still uncertain phylogenetic position. Orthonectids parasitize various marine invertebrates. Their life cycle comprises a parasitic plasmodium and free\u2010living males and females. Sexual individuals develop inside the plasmodium; after egress from the host they copulate in the external environment, and the larva, which has developed inside the female infects a new host. In a series of studied orthonectid species simplification of free\u2010living sexual individuals can be clearly traced. The number of longitudinal and transverse muscle fibers is gradually reduced. In the nervous system, simplification is even more pronounced. The number of neurons constituting the ganglion is dramatically reduced from 200 in <jats:italic>Rhopalura ophiocomae<\/jats:italic> to 4\u20136 in <jats:italic>Intoshia variabili<\/jats:italic>. The peripheral nervous system undergoes gradual simplification as well. The morphological simplification is accompanied with genome reduction. However, not only genes are lost from the genome, it also undergoes compactization ensured by extreme reduction of intergenic distances, short intron sizes, and elimination of repetitive elements. The main trend in orthonectid evolution is simplification and miniaturization of free\u2010living sexual individuals coupled with reduction and compactization of the genome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T13:22:14Z","timestamp":1698412934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evolution of Orthonectida body plan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1341-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George S.","family":"Slyusarev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology Saint\u2010Petersburg State University St\u2010Petersburg Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1428-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizaveta K.","family":"Skalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology Saint\u2010Petersburg State University St\u2010Petersburg Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9001-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor V.","family":"Starunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology Saint\u2010Petersburg State University St\u2010Petersburg Russia"},{"name":"Zoological Institute RAS St\u2010Petersburg Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-019-01543-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"765","article-title":"Le cycle \u00e9volutif des orthonectides","author":"Caullery M.","year":"1912","journal-title":"Verh VIII Int Zool Kongr Graz"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.24557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"695","volume-title":"Traite de Zoologie","author":"Caullery M.","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"La f\u00e9condation et le d\u00e9veloppement des oeuf des orthonectides. 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