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In this study, we examined how major stages in the life history of the common hippopotamus (<jats:italic>Hippopotamus Amphibius<\/jats:italic>) influence its craniomandibular morphology throughout ontogeny. Using geometric morphometrics and life\u2010history meta\u2010analysis correlations, we characterized skulls from 198 individuals spanning 20 developmental stages. The most significant morphological changes were observed during early infancy (0\u20133 years), coinciding with lactation and weaning, and during puberty (10\u201315 years), coinciding with reproductive maturation. These findings align with growth patterns typical of social mammals exhibiting high sexual dimorphism. Notably, we identified a pattern previously undocumented in any other vertebrate: cranial morphology stabilizes earlier than the mandibular one. Specifically, late\u2010stage (20\u201325 years) shape modification in the mandibles indicates progressive reconfiguration of masticatory biomechanics as well as a continuous change of dental occlusion throughout life. This pattern is common in both male and female individuals and may be related to shifts in diet rather than sexual selection. This study provides the most comprehensive ontogenetic dataset for a semi\u2010aquatic, large semigraviportal mammal with a polygynous social structure, offering a valuable foundation for future evolutionary studies based on comparative analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T07:17:03Z","timestamp":1753341423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Life History on Hippopotamus Skull Ontogeny"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dar\u00edo","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeobiology Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9414-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faysal","family":"Bibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde \u2010Leibniz\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Evolutions\u2010 und Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4186-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Pandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Della Terra Universit\u00e0 di Pisa Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Renaud","family":"Boisserie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Centre for Ethiopian Studies (CFEE) CNRS &amp; Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Laboratory Paleontology Evolution Paleoecosystems Paleoprimatology (PALEVOPRIM) CNRS &amp; Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers Poitiers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5749-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Earth Science Department, School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Caparica Portugal"},{"name":"Museu da Lourinh\u00e3 Lourinh\u00e3 Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kheloud","family":"El Eshraky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde \u2010Leibniz\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Evolutions\u2010 und Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Palancar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeobiology Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4639-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Madurell\u2010Malapeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Department Paleo[Fab]Lab, University of Florence Firenze Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeobiology Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","article-title":"Geometric Morphometric Analyses of 2D and 3D Landmark Data, Version 4.0.8","author":"Adams D. 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